Docket No. 23-6289

Page 2Before: WESLEY, PARK, and ROBINSON, Circuit Judges .

These petitions for review, argued in tandem, ask whether noncitizens seeking adjustment to lawful permanent resident status under 8 U.S.C. § 1159(b) must maintain their current asylum status or whether noncitizens may adjust even if their asylum status has been terminated. More specifically, they ask whether a noncitizen seeking adjustment under 8 U.S.C. § 1159(b) must currently be “granted asylum” to adjust to lawful permanent resident status, or whether it is enough that a noncitizen was 'granted asylum' at some point in the past, notwithstanding subsequent termination of that grant of asylum. Adopting the former reading, the Board of Immigration Appeals concluded that petitioners Tamer Wassily and Byron Velasquez Arreaga could not adjust to lawful permanent resident status because their asylum status had been terminated. We agree that the plain text of 8 U.S.C. § 1159(b) allows only noncitizens with current asylum status to adjust to lawful permanent resident status and therefore DENY the petitions for review.

Judge Robinson dissents in a separate opinion.

In Docket No. 22-6247:

FOR PETITIONER: JORDAN R. GOLDBERG, Latham & Watkins LLP, Washington, D.C. (Kerry W. Bretz, Bretz & Coven, LLP, New York, NY, on the brief ).

FOR RESPONDENT: JESSICA E. BURNS, Senior Litigation Counsel, Office of Immigration Litigation, Civil Division, United States Department of Justice (Brian Boynton, Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Erica B. Miles, Assistant Director, Duncan T. Fulton, Trial Attorney, on the brief ), for Pamela Bondi, Page 3In Docket No. 23-6289:

United States Attorney General, Washington, D.C.

FOR PETITIONER: JORDAN R. GOLDBERG, Latham & Watkins LLP, Washington, D.C. (Aaron J. Aisen, Erie County Bar Association, Volunteer Lawyers Project, Inc., Batavia, NY; Melissa Arbus Sherry, Latham & Watkins LLP, Washington, D.C., on the brief ).

FOR RESPONDENT: JESSICA E. BURNS, Senior Litigation Counsel, Office of Immigration Litigation, Civil Division, United States Department of Justice (Brian Boynton, Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Keith I. McManus, Assistant Director, on the brief ), for Pamela Bondi, United States Attorney General, Washington, D.C.

WESLEY, Circuit Judge :

A noncitizen claiming persecution in his or her country of nationality may seek asylum in the United States, either by affirmatively applying for asylum or by raising a claim for asylum in removal proceedings. If granted asylum, a noncitizen is protected from removal and authorized to work in the United States and to travel abroad. See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(c)(1). The spouse or children of an Page 4applicant for asylum may also be granted asylum status and accompany or follow to join the original applicant in the United States. See id. § 1158(b)(3).

Beyond these benefits, a grant of asylum also opens a path to citizenship. Under 8 U.S.C. § 1159(b), a noncitizen who “has been physically present in the United States for at least one year after being granted asylum' may apply for lawful permanent resident status. Id. § 1159(b). Assuming other conditions are met, 8 U.S.C. § 1159(b) provides that the Secretary of Homeland Security or the Attorney General 'may adjust to the status of an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence the status of any alien granted asylum.” Id. Once granted lawful permanent resident status, a noncitizen may ultimately apply for citizenship through naturalization. See generally id. § 1427.

These petitions for review, argued in tandem, ask whether noncitizens seeking adjustment to lawful permanent resident status under 8 U.S.C. § 1159(b) must maintain their current asylum status or whether noncitizens may adjust even if their asylum status has been terminated. More specifically, they ask whether a noncitizen seeking adjustment under 8 U.S.C. § 1159(b) must currently be “granted asylum” to adjust to lawful permanent resident status, or whether it is enough that Page 5a noncitizen was 'granted asylum' at some point in the past, notwithstanding subsequent termination of that grant of asylum. Adopting the former reading, the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) concluded that petitioners Tamer Wassily and Byron Velasquez Arreaga could not adjust to lawful permanent resident status because their asylum status had been terminated. We agree that the plain text of 8 U.S.C. § 1159(b) allows only noncitizens with current asylum status to adjust to lawful permanent resident status and therefore deny the petitions for review.

Tamer Wassily, a native and citizen of Egypt, entered the United States on a visitor visa in 1993. He overstayed his visa and was placed in removal proceedings. Wassily then applied for asylum, claiming persecution in Egypt for his Coptic Christian beliefs; Wassily was granted asylum in 2000.

In 2004, Wassily was convicted of third-degree stalking, in violation of New York Penal Law § 120.50, and child endangerment, in violation of New York Penal Law § 260.10. Because of those convictions, the Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”) moved to reopen Wassily’s removal proceedings in order to terminate Page 6his asylum status. The Immigration Judge ('IJ') granted the motion and terminated Wassily’s asylum status, finding that Wassily’s conviction for thirddegree stalking was a 'particularly serious crime.'¹ The IJ subsequently denied Wassily's renewed application for asylum, as well as his application for withholding of removal and relief under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”); the IJ ordered Wassily removed to Egypt.

Wassily appealed to the BIA; he also moved to remand, arguing that his counsel before the IJ was ineffective by failing to request Wassily’s adjustment to lawful permanent resident status prior to the termination of his asylum status.² After the BIA rejected his ineffective assistance of counsel claim and dismissed his appeal, Wassily filed a petition for review in this Court. We granted Wassily’s petition for review, reasoning that 'remand [was] required for the BIA to Page 7reconsider whether the IJ was entitled to rely on the [presentence report]' in concluding that Wassily had been convicted of a particularly serious crime. Wassily v. Holder , 523 F. App'x 783, 785 (2d Cir. 2013) (summary order).³ We did not find any error in the agency's denial of deferral of removal under the CAT. Id. at 785–86.

On remand, the IJ again determined that Wassily’s third-degree stalking conviction was a particularly serious crime, therefore terminating Wassily's asylum status and rendering him ineligible for withholding of removal. Despite terminating Wassily's asylum status, the IJ found that Wassily was eligible to adjust to lawful permanent resident status under 8 U.S.C. § 1159(b) because “[t]he [Immigration and Nationality Act] does not contain an explicit requirement that [an] applicant for adjustment of status under [8 U.S.C. § 1159(b)] have continued asylee status to be eligible for adjustment.” Wassily v. Bondi , No. 22-6247, Certified Admin. R. at 99. The IJ then granted Wassily’s application for adjustment.

Page 8DHS appealed that decision to the BIA. While that appeal was pending, the BIA decided Matter of T-C-A, 28 I. & N. Dec. 472 (B.I.A. 2022). In Matter of T-C-A-, the BIA concluded that only a noncitizen with current asylum status can adjust to lawful permanent resident status under 8 U.S.C. § 1159(b). See 28 I. & N. Dec. at 479. In other words, the BIA held that 'an applicant for adjustment of status under” 8 U.S.C. § 1159(b) must “possess asylee status at the time of adjustment and thus an applicant whose asylee status has been terminated cannot adjust to lawful permanent resident status under [that] provision.' Id. On petition for review of that decision, the Fourth Circuit agreed. See Cela v. Garland , 75 F.4th 355, 361–65 (4th Cir. 2023).

The BIA looked to Matter of T-C-Aand concluded that Wassily was ineligible to adjust to lawful permanent resident status because his asylum status had been terminated. Finding “no other controlling issues” to address, the BIA sustained DHS's appeal and ordered Wassily removed to Egypt.⁴ Wassily v. Bondi , No. 22-6247, Certified Admin. R. at 4–5.

Page 9Byron Velasquez Arreaga, a native and citizen of Guatemala, entered the United States in 1995. The following year, he was granted asylum.

Velasquez Arreaga then was convicted of multiple criminal offenses, including, as relevant here, a 2015 conviction for driving while intoxicated, see N.Y. Veh. & Traf. Law § 1192(2) & (3), and a 2018 conviction for aggravated driving while intoxicated, see id. § 1192(2-a)(a).⁵ In February 2019, the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (“USCIS”) notified Velasquez Arreaga that it intended to terminate his asylum status because the 2018 conviction was a particularly serious crime. DHS then commenced removal proceedings, charging that Velasquez Arreaga was removable as a nonimmigrant who had remained in the United States for longer than permitted. See 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(1)(B). Velasquez Page 10Arreaga contested that charge, and DHS then lodged a superseding charge, contending that Velasquez Arreaga was removable because he did not possess a valid entry document at the time of application for admission. See id. § 1182(a)(7)(A)(i)(I).

The IJ concluded that Velasquez Arreaga’s 2015 and 2018 convictions were particularly serious crimes, both individually and together, and terminated his asylum status. Velasquez Arreaga subsequently sought to adjust to lawful permanent resident status under 8 U.S.C. § 1159(b). The IJ, however, granted DHS’s motion to pretermit Velasquez Arreaga’s application, finding that he was ineligible to adjust because his asylum status had been terminated-that is, reaching the opposite reading of 8 U.S.C. § 1159(b) from the IJ in Wassily’s case. In June 2020, the IJ denied Velasquez Arreaga’s renewed application for asylum, as well as his applications for withholding of removal and relief under the CAT, and ordered him removed to Guatemala.

After an unsuccessful appeal to the BIA, Velasquez Arreaga filed a petition for review in this Court. While that petition for review was pending, the parties agreed to remand the case on the grounds that the BIA relied on since-abrogated Page 11precedent in determining that Velasquez Arreaga’s 2018 conviction was final for immigration purposes and for the agency to further consider whether Velasquez Arreaga’s 2015 conviction was itself a particularly serious crime. After the New York Appellate Division, Second Department affirmed Velasquez Arreaga’s 2018 conviction, see People v. Velasquez-Arreaga , 198 A.D.3d 933 (2d Dep't 2021), the parties stipulated that the conviction had become final and requested that the BIA issue a decision consistent with its prior order. The BIA obliged, and Velasquez Arreaga filed this petition for review.⁶

We review the BIA’s determinations of law de novo . See Nwozuzu v. Holder , 726 F.3d 323, 326 (2d Cir. 2013). In a case involving an agency’s interpretation of a statute, we use the 'traditional tools of statutory construction' to 'resolve statutory ambiguities' and 'determine the best reading of the statute.' Loper Bright Enters. v. Raimondo , 603 U.S. 369, 400-01 (2024).⁷

Page 12Asylum is a category of discretionary relief available to a noncitizen who qualifies as a “refugee” under 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(A). As relevant here, a “refugee” under 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A) is a “person who is outside any country of such person’s nationality” who is “unable or unwilling to return to, and is unable or unwilling to avail himself or herself of the protection of, that country because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.” Id. § 1101(a)(42)(A). A noncitizen 'granted Page 13asylum under [8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)]” is protected from removal and allowed to work in the United States and to travel abroad with prior authorization. Id. § 1158(c)(1).

A grant of asylum does not, however, 'convey a right to remain permanently in the United States.” Id. § 1158(c)(2). Instead, '[a]sylum granted under [8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)] . . . may be terminated if the Attorney General determines” that a noncitizen, “having been convicted by a final judgment of a particularly serious crime, constitutes a danger to the community of the United States.” Id. § 1158(c)(2)(B), 1158(b)(2)(A)(ii).⁸ If a noncitizen's 'asylum granted under [8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)]” is terminated, the noncitizen is subject to removal from the United States. See id. § 1158(c)(2)-(3).

Once 'granted asylum,' a noncitizen may apply to adjust to lawful permanent resident status. Under 8 U.S.C. § 1159(b), the Secretary of Homeland Security or Attorney General 'may adjust to the status of an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence the status of any alien granted asylum” who applies for adjustment and meets certain requirements. Id. § 1159(b). Those Page 14requirements include: the noncitizen must “ha[ve] been physically present in the United States for at least one year after being granted asylum”; “continue[] to be a refugee within the meaning of [8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A)] or a spouse or child of such a refugee”; not be “firmly resettled in any foreign country”; and be admissible 'as an immigrant . . . at the time of examination for adjustment' to lawful permanent resident status, except as provided by 8 U.S.C. § 1159(c). Id. § 1159(b)(1)–(5).

Under 8 U.S.C. § 1159(c), 'the Secretary of Homeland Security or the Attorney General may waive” certain grounds of inadmissibility “with respect to such an alien for humanitarian purposes, to assure family unity, or when it is otherwise in the public interest.'⁹ Id. § 1159(c). Thus, although a noncitizen Page 15generally must be currently admissible when applying for adjustment to lawful permanent resident status, 8 U.S.C. § 1159(c) gives the Secretary of Homeland Security or the Attorney General some discretion to waive this requirement for a noncitizen seeking adjustment.

These petitions for review turn on the meaning of “the status of any alien granted asylum'-in particular, the word 'granted.' Wassily and Velasquez Arreaga maintain that “granted” should be read as a past-tense verb. That is, they argue that any noncitizen who has ever been “granted” asylum is eligible to adjust to lawful permanent resident status, even if the noncitizen’s asylum status was subsequently terminated. The Government reads 'granted' as describing a Page 16present condition, such that a noncitizen must currently be “granted asylum” to be eligible to adjust to lawful permanent resident status under 8 U.S.C. § 1159(b).

In our view, 8 U.S.C. § 1159(b) allows only noncitizens with current asylum status to adjust to lawful permanent resident status.¹⁰ As with any question of statutory interpretation, we start with the text. See Bartenwerfer v. Buckley , 598 U.S. 69, 74 (2023).

Section 1159(b) refers to 'the status of an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence' and 'the status of any alien granted asylum.'⁸ U.S.C. § 1159(b). We agree with the Fourth Circuit's observation in Cela that 'the ordinary meaning of 'status' signals a present condition,' 75 F.4th at 364-in particular, a legal condition.¹¹ It would be odd to say that someone maintains the Page 17present legal condition of having once been granted asylum at some point in the past, even though that grant of asylum was later terminated. The more natural reading of 'the status of any alien granted asylum' is that a noncitizen must presently be granted asylum to adjust to lawful permanent resident status under 8 U.S.C. § 1159(b).

In fact, if Congress intended to permit anyone previously granted asylum to become a lawful permanent resident, as the dissent suggests, there would be no need for Congress to use the word 'status' at all. And we reject statutory constructions that would render a word “insignificant, if not wholly superfluous.” Duncan v. Walker , 533 U.S. 167, 174 (2001).

Any lingering uncertainty about the meaning of 'granted' in 8 U.S.C. § 1159(b) is settled by considering “nearby statutory provisions.” See Unicolors, Inc. v. H&M Hennes & Mauritz, L.P. , 595 U.S. 178, 185 (2022). A closer—or even a cursory-look at the neighboring provision of 8 U.S.C. § 1158(c) confirms our reading of 8 U.S.C. § 1159(b). As noted above, 8 U.S.C. § 1158(c) provides that “an Page 18alien granted asylum under [8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)]” is protected from removal and permitted to work in the United States and travel abroad. See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(c)(1). But that section further provides that “[a]sylum granted under [8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)] . . . may be terminated,” and that can then lead to the noncitizen’s removal. Id. § 1158(c)(2)–(3).

Section 1158(c) consistently uses “granted” to refer to then-existing asylum status: first, to describe the benefits available to “an alien granted asylum,” and second, to refer to the consequences of terminating that '[a]sylum granted.'¹² Read in that context, section 1159(b)’s reference to “the status of any alien granted asylum” is best understood as simply extending another benefit to a noncitizen with current asylum status: the opportunity to adjust to lawful permanent resident status.¹³ That reading also best reflects 'the statutory scheme as a whole,' see Page 19Soliman v. Subway Franchisee Advert. Fund Tr., LTD. , 101 F.4th 176, 181 (2d Cir. 2024)-namely, a statutory framework that contemplates that a noncitizen claiming persecution in his or her country of nationality may first obtain a grant of asylum, then adjust to lawful permanent resident status, and ultimately apply for citizenship.

Wassily and Velasquez Arreaga nevertheless maintain that 8 U.S.C. § 1159(b) cannot require current asylum status because other, differently worded provisions in 8 U.S.C. § 1159 require a noncitizen to meet some other “present” qualification. The dissent likewise maintains that 8 U.S.C. § 1159 'expressly includes continuing status requirements where applicable[] and [] does not apply one to individuals ‘granted asylum.’” Dissenting Op. at 1–2.

Besides assuming its conclusion-that the phrase 'granted asylum' does not impose a continuing status requirement—the dissent’s argument cannot overcome the clear meaning of the statutory text. True, other parts of 8 U.S.C. § 1159 use varying language to require that a noncitizen seeking adjustment to lawful permanent resident status maintain some other current condition.¹⁴ Those Page 20provisions—none of which speaks of a “granted” status—cast no doubt on what 8 U.S.C. § 1158 and § 1159 make clear: “[G]ranted asylum” means current asylum status. Indeed, for all its references to various other statutory provisions, the dissent barely acknowledges the text of 8 U.S.C. § 1158, except to dismiss it as a “breadcrumb[].” Id. at 10. If the dissent had some theory as to why the phrase “granted asylum” would mean one thing in 8 U.S.C. § 1158 but something entirely different in 8 U.S.C. § 1159, surely it would have said something more.

Wassily and Velasquez Arreaga similarly find no support in 8 U.S.C. § 1159(b)(2). Although a noncitizen must “ha[ve] been physically present in the United States for at least one year after being granted asylum” to be eligible to adjust to lawful permanent resident status, see 8 U.S.C. § 1159(b)(2), the inclusion of “being” before “granted” in that provision clearly demonstrates that the use of “granted” in 8 U.S.C. § 1159(b)(2), unlike its use in the prefatory clause of 8 U.S.C. § 1159(b), refers to a completed event rather than a current status.

Page 21The statutory waiver provision of 8 U.S.C. § 1159(c) gets Wassily and Velasquez Arreaga no further. Section 1159(c) provides that the Secretary of Homeland Security or the Attorney General, in granting lawful permanent resident status, may waive the requirement of admissibility 'for humanitarian purposes, to assure family unity, or when it is otherwise in the public interest.' Id. § 1159(c). Wassily and Velasquez Arreaga maintain that because the grounds for termination of asylum and inadmissibility 'substantially overlap,' see, e.g. , Velasquez Arreaga Reply Br. at 22, categorically barring noncitizens with terminated asylum status from applying for adjustment of status would limit the Secretary’s or Attorney General’s discretionary waiver authority under 8 U.S.C. § 1159(c). Similarly, the dissent contends that its reading of 8 U.S.C. § 1159(b) “best preserves” the discretionary waiver authority of 8 U.S.C. § 1159(c). Dissenting Op. at 13.

Wassily and Velasquez Arreaga concede, however, that the grounds for inadmissibility and the grounds for termination of asylum status are not coextensive. Moreover, the BIA has held that an IJ can defer ruling on a motion to terminate a noncitizen's asylum status pending an application for adjustment Page 22under 8 U.S.C. § 1159(b). See Matter of K-A, 23 I. & N. Dec. 661, 665 (B.I.A. 2004). In other words, even though current asylum status is required to adjust under 8 U.S.C. § 1159(b), section 1159(c) continues to vest the Secretary or Attorney General with discretion to waive the admissibility requirement, including in cases when an IJ defers ruling on a motion to terminate asylum status in favor of first adjudicating an application for adjustment of status. We are not free to alter the plain meaning of 8 U.S.C. § 1159(b) based on the nebulous idea that some greater degree of waiver authority under 8 U.S.C. § 1159(c) would be preferable as a matter of policy—a request better addressed to Congress.

Finally, this reading of 8 U.S.C. § 1159(b) is buttressed by the Immigration Act of 1990. The Immigration Act of 1990 added a statutory note to 8 U.S.C. § 1159, titled 'Adjustment of Certain Former Asylees,' which provides that the adjustment provision of 8 U.S.C. § 1159(b) “shall also apply to an alien[] . . . who was granted asylum before the date of the enactment of this Act ( regardless of whether or not such asylum has been terminated under section 208(b) of the Immigration and Nationality Act)” and “who is no longer a refugee because of a change in circumstances in a foreign state.” Pub. L. No. 101–649, § 104(d), 104 Stat.

Page 234978, 4985 (1990) (emphasis added).¹⁵ That is, the statutory note specifically allowed certain noncitizens to apply for adjustment of status under 8 U.S.C. § 1159(b), “regardless of whether or not” their asylum status had been “terminated under [8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)].” Id. Congress’s express articulation of this exception suggests that 8 U.S.C. § 1159(b) does not, as a general matter, allow noncitizens whose asylum status has been terminated to adjust to lawful permanent resident status. See generally Nwozuzu , 726 F.3d at 327 ('[W]here Congress includes particular language in one section of a statute but omits it in another section of the same Act, it is generally presumed that Congress acts intentionally and purposely in the disparate inclusion or exclusion.” (quoting INS v. Cardoza-Fonseca , 480 U.S. 421, 432 (1987))). Otherwise, that note would have unnecessarily repeated what remained silently true under 8 U.S.C. § 1159(b).

Page 24At bottom, Velasquez Arreaga, Wassily, and the dissent all advance an interpretation of 8 U.S.C. § 1159(b) that makes little sense: A noncitizen convicted of a particularly serious crime, and whose asylum status was terminated as a result, would categorically be treated the same as a noncitizen with current asylum status when applying to adjust to lawful permanent resident status. The termination of the noncitizen’s asylum status would simply be irrelevant. It would be one thing if this peculiar result were required by the statute. Unsurprisingly, though, such a counterintuitive interpretation of the statutory scheme can be reached only by disregarding the clear meaning of the statutory text.

For these reasons, 8 U.S.C. § 1159(b)’s reference to “the status of any alien granted asylum” must be read consistently with 8 U.S.C. § 1158(c)’s references to “an alien granted asylum” and “[a]sylum granted under [8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)].” In each case, asylum “granted” refers to current asylum status. Because Wassily’s and Velasquez Arreaga’s asylum status was terminated, they were not eligible to adjust to lawful permanent resident status under 8 U.S.C. § 1159(b).

For the reasons set forth above, we DENY the petitions for review.

Page 25BETH ROBINSON, Circuit Judge , dissenting:

By statute, “The Secretary of Homeland Security or the Attorney General . . . may adjust to the status of an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence the status of any alien granted asylum” who meets various requirements.⁸ U.S.C. § 1159(b). At issue is whether a noncitizen who was granted asylum which was later terminated qualifies as 'any alien granted asylum' eligible to apply for adjustment to lawful permanent resident ('LPR') status if otherwise qualified. Id.

This is a difficult case, as reflected by a circuit split on the question. See Siwe v. Holder , 742 F.3d 603, 608, 612 (5th Cir. 2014) (concluding based on the 'plain language of the statute” that a noncitizen whose asylum has been terminated is eligible to apply for adjustment of status under § 1159(b)); Cela v. Garland , 75 F.4th 355, 364–65 (4th Cir. 2023) (concluding that “§ 1159(b) unambiguously precludes [a noncitizen] whose asylum status has been terminated from adjusting to lawful permanent resident status”). But in my view, the majority gets it wrong.

The text of the statute supports the conclusion that a noncitizen granted asylum is not categorically ineligible to seek adjustment of status under § 1159(b) following termination of the asylum. Most importantly, the statute expressly includes continuing status requirements where applicable, and it does not apply Page 26one to individuals “granted asylum.” 8 U.S.C. § 1159(b). Moreover, the statutory scheme relating to adjustment of status-particularly Congress' allocation of discretion to waive certain disqualifications in the adjustment-of-status process— reinforces this conclusion. For these reasons, as explicated more fully below, I conclude that the best understanding of § 1159(b) is that it encompasses “any” noncitizen “granted asylum,” regardless of whether the asylum was subsequently terminated. Id.

Like the majority, I begin with the text of the statute. King v. Time Warner Cable Inc. , 894 F.3d 473, 477 (2d Cir. 2018) (“Every exercise in statutory construction must begin with the words of the text.').¹ Unlike the majority, I don't think the “more natural reading” of the phrase “any alien granted asylum” is that it excludes noncitizens granted asylum where that asylum has subsequently been terminated. Maj. Op. at 17. “Read naturally, the word ‘any’ has an expansive meaning, that is, ‘one or some indiscriminately of whatever kind.’” United States v. Gonzales , 520 U.S. 1, 5 (1997) (quoting Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 97 (1976)); see also Ali v. Federal Bureau of Prisons , 552 U.S. 214, 220 (2008) (“Congress’ use ofPage 27 ‘any’ to modify ‘other law enforcement officer’ is most naturally read to mean law enforcement officers of whatever kind.”).

Plus, if Congress had intended “any alien granted asylum” to mean “any asylee,” or any noncitizen “who continues to be subject to asylum protections,” it could have said so. 'Nowhere in this section does Congress require that [a noncitizen's] asylum, once granted, still must be in effect at the time [the noncitizen] applies for adjustment of status: Such a requirement is conspicuously absent. To conclude otherwise would be to contravene the Supreme Court's exhortation that we add no unwritten requirements to the text.” Siwe , 742 F.3d at 608; see also Bates v. United States , 522 U.S. 23, 29 (1997) ('[W]e ordinarily resist reading words or elements into a statute that do not appear on its face.”); compare 8 U.S.C. § 1159(b) (“The Secretary of Homeland Security or Attorney General . . . may adjust . . . the status of any individual granted asylum”), with Maj. Op. at 17 (“[G]ranted asylum” means “presently be granted asylum”).

But I would not hang my hat on a bare assessment of the contested phrase standing alone. In interpreting the text of a statute, we don’t consider the specific terms at issue 'in isolation.' King , 894 F.3d at 477 . '[R]ather, we look to the Page 28statutory scheme as a whole and place the particular provision within the context of that statute.” Id.

A review of § 1159 tells us in no uncertain terms that when Congress intended to require continuity of a predicate status as a precondition to adjustment to LPR status, it said so in plain terms. And it did not do so in § 1159(b)’s provision authorizing “any alien granted asylum” to apply for adjustment of status. Instead, the statute expressly requires that noncitizens who are granted asylum and then seek to adjust to lawful permanent resident status maintain their status as refugees , not their status as asylees . Before drilling down further on these points, I step back briefly to provide an overview of the relevant scheme.

The Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”) establishes distinct paths to admission for refugees admitted to the United States from foreign countries pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1157 and those who apply for and are granted asylum while in the United States pursuant to § 1158. See I.N.S. v. Cardoza-Fonseca , 480 U.S. 421, 433 (1987).² As relevant here, the term 'refugee' includes 'any person who is outside any country of such person’s nationality . . . who is unable or unwilling to Page 29return to, and is unable or unwilling to avail himself or herself of the protection of, that country because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A).

The grounds for terminating the status of refugees admitted pursuant to § 1157 and those granted asylum pursuant to § 1158 are likewise distinct. The refugee status of a noncitizen admitted pursuant to § 1157 may be terminated “if the Attorney General determines that the alien was not in fact a refugee within the meaning of section 1101(a)(42) . . . at the time of . . . admission.” Id. § 1157(c)(4). But a noncitizen granted asylum pursuant to § 1158 may lose that asylum protection if the Attorney General determines the individual no longer meets the definition of a refugee, committed certain offenses or is a danger to the country, firmly resettled in another country, may safely be removed to another country by agreement, availed themselves of the protection of their country of origin, or acquired new nationality and “enjoys the protection” of their new country. Id. § 1158(c)(2). In short, the bases for terminating asylum status under § 1158 are far broader than the bases for terminating the refugee status of noncitizens admitted pursuant to § 1157, and individuals who still qualify as refugees may nevertheless Page 30lose the protection of asylum under § 1158 for reasons unrelated to whether they face persecution in their country of origin.

Finally, and most relevant here, refugees admitted under § 1157 and those granted asylum under § 1158 follow different routes to LPR status. See id. § 1159. Section 1159(a) establishes a path to lawful permanent resident status for any noncitizen admitted to the United States under § 1157—

(A) whose admission has not been terminated by the Secretary of Homeland Security or the Attorney General pursuant to such regulations as the Secretary of Homeland Security or the Attorney General may prescribe,

• (B) who has been physically present in the United States for at least one year, and
• (C) who has not acquired permanent resident status.

Id. § 1159(a)(1) (emphasis added).

By contrast, with respect to noncitizens granted asylum under § 1158,

The Secretary of Homeland Security or the Attorney General . . . may adjust to the status of an alien lawfully

• Page 31admitted for permanent residence the status of any alien granted asylum who—
• (1) applies for such adjustment,
• (2) has been physically present in the United States for at least one year after being granted asylum,
• (3) continues to be a refugee within the meaning of section 1101(a)(42)(A) of this title or a spouse or child of such a refugee,
• (4) is not firmly resettled in any foreign country, and
• (5) is admissible (except as otherwise provided under subsection (c)) as an immigrant under this chapter at the time of examination for adjustment of such alien.

Id. § 1159(b) (emphases added).

Review of the statutory section at issue here, § 1159, thus teaches us that Congress can and does specify when a noncitizen must maintain a predicate status in order to be potentially eligible for adjustment of status. It did so three times within § 1159. In § 1159(a) it expressly limited the path to lawful permanent resident status to a noncitizen admitted under § 1157 “whose admission has not been terminated .' Id. § 1159(a)(1) (emphasis added). And in § 1159(b) it limited the path to lawful permanent resident status for a noncitizen granted asylum to a noncitizen who 'continues to be a refugee' and is admissible 'at the time of examination.” Id. §§ 1159(b)(3), 1159(b)(5). When “Congress includes particular Page 32language in one section of a statute but omits it in another section of the same Act, it is generally presumed that Congress acts intentionally and purposely in the disparate inclusion or exclusion.” Mahdawi v. Trump , 136 F.4th 443, 454 (2d Cir. 2025).

To steal an apt summary from Judge Harris, dissenting in Cela v. Garland :

This was not just a Congress that knew how to say—if it wanted to-that a noncitizen once granted asylum would remain eligible for adjustment only if he “continued to be” an asylee, cf. § 1159(b)(3), or if he was an asylee “at the time of examination for adjustment of status,” cf. § 1159(b)(5). This was a Congress downright preoccupied with the timing question in front of us now, and against that background, its failure to specify that asylee status must be current under § 1159(b) can only be understood as a purposeful omission.

75 F.4th at 367 (Harris, J., dissenting).

This understanding is bolstered by the Department of Justice’s implementing regulations, which specify that § 1159(b) applies to any individual “who has been granted asylum,' rather than to any individual who is currently protected by asylum.⁸ CFR § 1209.2(a)(1) (emphasis added); see also D.S. by and through M.S. v. Trumbull Bd. of Educ. , 975 F.3d 152, 163 (2d Cir. 2020) (explaining Page 33that a statute’s implementing regulations may “support[]” the “clear” language of a statute).

That doesn’t mean that all bets are off once an individual is granted asylum, regardless of subsequent termination of that protection. But the critical continuing status for purposes of adjustment to lawful permanent resident status under § 1159(b) is the noncitizen's continuing status as a refugee . And, of course, the individual whose asylum has been terminated but who is eligible to apply for adjustment of status must still qualify for the adjustment in all other respects, including satisfying the requirements for admissibility.⁸ U.S.C. § 1159(b)(5).

Contrary to the BIA’s suggestion in its own analysis of the central question in this case, this understanding of the statute does not give individuals who were granted and then lost their asylum an incongruous advantage over refugees admitted pursuant to § 1157 whose refugee status has been terminated. See Matter of T-C-A, 28 I. & N. Dec. 472, 479–80 (B.I.A. 2022). Remember, the only statutory basis for revoking the refugee status of an individual admitted under § 1157 is that the noncitizen “was not in fact a refugee” when they were admitted.⁸ U.S.C. § 1157(c)(4). Requiring continuity of status under these circumstances thus guards against granting an LPR status adjustment to individuals who didn't actually qualify as refugees upon admission. By contrast, individuals granted asylum Page 34under § 1158 can lose that status for a host of reasons unrelated to their status as refugees. See id. § 1158(c)(2). Given that, it is not at all incongruous to allow individuals whose asylum has been terminated to seek adjustment to LPR status; in doing so, they still have to establish that, asylum or not, they continue to be refugees . See id. § 1159(b)(3).

I don’t deny that some textual breadcrumbs in the statutory structure could lead to a different conclusion. The majority has highlighted them here—the notion that once someone’s asylum is revoked they have no “status” to adjust, and the use of “granted asylum” to suggest a present status in § 1158(c). Maj. Op. at 17– 19. That’s what makes this a hard case. But in my view, the specific inclusion of multiple continuity requirements in the very same statutory section as the phrase Page 35at issue here coupled with the omission of such a requirement with respect to individuals 'granted asylum' overwhelms these other textual clues.³

My understanding of the statute also jibes better with the broader statutory scheme by maintaining the balance Congress struck in affording the Attorney General or the Secretary of Homeland Security discretion to waive certain grounds of inadmissibility in considering requests for adjustment of status-including Page 36grounds based on many criminal convictions—in order to assure family unity or promote the public interest.

Again, an overview. Subject to an exception, one of the requirements for awarding LPR status to a noncitizen “granted asylum” is that the noncitizen be “admissible.” 8 U.S.C. § 1159(b)(5). Section 1182(a) lists classes of noncitizens who are inadmissible. See id. § 1182(a). The exception to this admissibility requirement is set forth in § 1159(c), which makes some grounds of inadmissibility under § 1182(a) inapplicable to requests for adjustment of status under § 1159, and confers on the Secretary of Homeland Security and the Attorney General the discretion to waive most other grounds of inadmissibility under § 1182(a), including inadmissibility based on many criminal convictions, in order to promote humanitarian purposes, family unity, or the public interest. See id. § 1159(c); see also id. § 1182(a)(2) (identifying criminal convictions that can lead to inadmissibility). So Congress’ scheme expressly contemplates that some noncitizen refugees with criminal convictions, including for potentially serious crimes, may nevertheless be eligible for LPR status, and it empowers the Attorney Page 37General or Secretary to weigh the public interest, including the interest in family unity, against an otherwise disqualifying conviction.

The majority’s interpretation deprives the Attorney General or Secretary of that discretion in cases in which asylum has been terminated. So noncitizens like Petitioners here, who lose their asylum due to conviction for a 'particularly serious crime,” id. §§ 1158(c)(2)(B),1158(b)(2)(A)(ii), would be categorically ineligible for adjustment to LPR status, and the Attorney General and Secretary would have no discretion to make an exception in the public interest. That’s true even though the same noncitizens would be eligible to seek LPR status notwithstanding those convictions, and the Attorney General and Secretary would have discretion to make an exception in the public interest, if the noncitizens' asylum had not been terminated. It’s an incongruous result.

And it means that the Attorney General’s and Secretary’s authority to grant LPR status, and the options available to a noncitizen asylee facing termination of asylum even though the noncitizen remains a refugee, depend entirely on the order in which the two petitions—for termination of asylum and for adjustment of status—are considered. That, too, is incongruous.

As it turns out, the better interpretation based on the text of the statute also best preserves the balance Congress struck by affording the Attorney General and Page 38Secretary discretion to extend LPR status to noncitizens who are refugees who have committed crimes that might otherwise be disqualifying.

The majority suggests that this interpretation “makes little sense” because it leaves noncitizens whose asylum has been terminated on account of a criminal conviction in the same shoes as noncitizens with asylum. Maj. Op. at 24. But in an important respect, these two categories of noncitizens do stand in the same shoes: both have been found to be refugees. To the extent that the two classes differ-members of one group have been convicted of particularly serious crimes—the statutory structure takes account of that fact: Most noncitizens who have been convicted of particularly serious crimes are presumptively inadmissible and thus ineligible for adjustment of status, 8 U.S.C. §§ 1159(b)(5), 1182(a)(2), unless their crimes of conviction fall within the class of crimes for which inadmissibility may be waived for purposes of adjustment of status, and unless the Attorney General or Secretary chooses to waive that inadmissibility “for humanitarian purposes, to assure family unity, or . . . in the public interest,” id. § 1159(c). There is nothing insensible about that structure. Insofar as it aligns with Congress' intent on multiple axes, and retains Executive Branch discretion to promote family unity, humanitarian goals, and the public interest, it makes far Page 39more sense than a reading that categorically strips the Attorney General and Secretary of their discretion.

* * *

For these reasons, I conclude that § 1159(b) provides a mechanism for refugees granted asylum pursuant to § 1158 to adjust to LPR status regardless of whether their asylum has been terminated—as long as they remain refugees and otherwise qualify for adjustment to LPR status. Accordingly, I respectfully dissent.