PASQUALE AMATO, CARMINE SESSA, LAWRENCE A. FIORENZA, LAWRENCE MAZZA, JOSEPH RUSSO, AKA JO JO, ANTHONY RUSSO, AKA CHUCKIE, ROBERT ZAMBARDI, AKA BOBBY ZAM, JOSEPH MONTELEONE, SR., AKA JOE MONTE, SR., ALPHONSE PERSICO, AKA ALLIE BOY, JOSEPH TOMASELLO, AKA JOE T, THEODORE PERSICO, AKA TEDDY, RICHARD FUSCO, AKA RICHIE, JAMES DELMASTRO, AKA JAMES DELMASTRO,Page 2 Before: ROBINSON, PÉREZ, and NATHAN, Circuit Judges .

This case arises from Defendant-Appellant Victor J. Orena’s convictions for his role in the “Colombo Family War”—a power struggle between two factions of an organized crime family that led to a spate of assassinations and other violent crimes. In 1992 after a trial, the jury found Orena guilty of nine charges, including use and carrying of a firearm in relation to a crime of violence, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1). In 2021, Orena successfully brought a § 2255 petition to vacate the § 924(c)(1) conviction in light of United States v. Davis , 588 U.S. 445 (2019). He sought de novo resentencing on the remaining counts. The district court denied his request and, instead, corrected the judgment to excise Orena’s conviction and consecutive sentence on the § 924(c) charge, but leaving the balance of his sentence on the remaining eight counts of conviction the same.

Orena appeals from this judgment of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York (Komitee, J. ). He argues that the district court was required to conduct de novo resentencing on all of the remaining counts. Specifically, Orena contends that our recent decision in Kaziu v. United States , 108 F.4th 86 (2d Cir. 2024) requires de novo resentencing whenever a judge of the habeas court is not the original sentencing judge and there are changed circumstances.

We conclude that Kaziu is meaningfully distinguishable from this case, and that the district court acted within its discretion in declining to conduct a full resentencing where the habeas judge had just decided a motion for sentence reduction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A), in which he had thoroughly assessed and ruled on the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors. In that context, the court considered and ruled on the effect of most of the changed circumstances on which Orena relies in requesting a full resentencing. Insofar as Orena argues that he should be resentenced because his original sentence predated the Supreme Court’s decision in United States v. Booker , 543 U.S. 220, 245 (2005), which established that the United States Sentencing Guidelines are advisory, not mandatory, we conclude that, on the record here, resentencing is not compelled on this basis. Finally, the remaining

Page 3“sentencing” arguments Orena made to the district court sought only to undermine the validity of his remaining counts of conviction and would not be proper considerations as to his sentence for those charges. Therefore, the district court did not exceed its discretion when it declined to conduct de novo resentencing.

For the reasons set forth below, we AFFIRM the district court's judgment.

DAVID I. SCHOEN, Montgomery, AL, for DefendantAppellant .

DEVON LASH (Nicholas J. Moscow, on the brief ), Assistant United States Attorneys, for Breon Peace, United States Attorney for the Eastern District of New York, Brooklyn, NY, for Appellee.

ROBINSON, Circuit Judge :

This case arises from Defendant-Appellant Victor J. Orena’s convictions for his role in the “Colombo Family War”—a power struggle between two factions of an organized crime family that led to a spate of assassinations and other violent crimes. In 1992 after a trial, the jury found Orena guilty of nine charges, including use and carrying of a firearm in relation to a crime of violence, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1). In 2021, Orena successfully brought a petition under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 to vacate the § 924(c)(1) conviction in light of United States v. Davis , 588 U.S. 445 (2019). He sought full resentencing ' de novo ,' or anew, on the remaining Page 4counts.¹ The district court denied Orena's request and, instead, entered an amended judgment that corrected Orena’s sentence to excise his conviction and consecutive sentence on the § 924(c) charge, but left the balance of his sentence on the remaining eight counts of conviction the same.

Orena appeals from this judgment of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York (Komitee, J. ). He argues that the district court was required to conduct de novo resentencing. Specifically, Orena contends that our recent decision in Kaziu v. United States , 108 F.4th 86 (2d Cir. 2024), requires de novo resentencing upon vacatur of a count of conviction whenever a habeas judge is not the original sentencing judge and there are changed circumstances.

But this case presents meaningfully different circumstances from Kaziu . Though the habeas judge was not the original sentencing judge and there are changed circumstances, here, the habeas judge had just decided a motion for sentence reduction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A). In that context, he had thoroughly evaluated the factors under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) that drove the original sentence and would drive any resentencing, and he had considered the effect of Page 5most of the changed circumstances on which Orena relies in requesting a full resentencing.

Insofar as Orena argues that he should be resentenced because his original sentence predated the United States Supreme Court’s decision in United States v. Booker , 543 U.S. 220, 245 (2005), which established that the United States Sentencing Guidelines are advisory, not mandatory, we conclude that, on this record, resentencing is not compelled on this basis.

Finally, the remaining 'sentencing' arguments that Orena made to the district court sought to undermine the validity of his remaining counts of conviction and would not be proper considerations as to his sentence for those charges. Therefore, the district court did not abuse its discretion when it declined to conduct de novo resentencing.

In reaching this conclusion, we eschew a bright line rule that always requires resentencing after vacatur of a conviction whenever the resentencing would not be strictly ministerial. But we do not take issue with our observation in United States v. Peña that “[i]t may be that in most cases in which resentencing would not be strictly ministerial, a district court abuses its discretion when it denies de novo Page 6resentencing.' 58 F.4th 613, 623 (2d Cir. 2023).² We simply conclude that under the unique circumstances here, the district court did not exceed its discretion.

For the reasons set forth more fully below, we AFFIRM the district court's judgment.

This case arises from Orena's convictions for his role in the 'Colombo Family War” that led to the attempted assassinations, woundings, or successful assassinations of at least twenty-eight individuals, three of whom were innocent bystanders.

In 1992, Orena was convicted of nine counts, including conspiracy to murder Thomas Ocera, the murder of Thomas Ocera in aid of racketeering, conspiracy to murder members of the Persico faction of the Colombo Family in aid of racketeering, and using and carrying a firearm in relation to a crime of violence in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c).³

Page 7These convictions followed a month-long jury trial at which the Government introduced evidence that Orena was appointed as the Acting Boss of the Colombo Family during the incarceration of Carmine Persico, the Official Boss of the Colombo Family. Though Orena's appointment to Acting Boss was contingent on his promise to relinquish control to Carmine Persico’s son, Alphonse Persico, upon the son’s release from prison, Orena began an internal campaign to permanently retain control over the Colombo Family. The Family was divided between those who supported Orena and those who supported Alphonse Persico. In late 1991, the Colombo Family War erupted in earnest, with members from each faction attempting to assassinate members of the other. Orena and others in his faction conspired to murder at least eleven individuals, actually murdered two, and killed an innocent bystander.

Page 8The sentencing court 4 (Weinstein, J. ) imposed three concurrent life sentences for racketeering, racketeering conspiracy, and murder; three ten-year concurrent sentences for the two murder-conspiracy counts and for illegal possession of firearms; and two twenty-year concurrent sentences for the two loansharking counts. For the use and carrying of a firearm in relation to a crime of violence, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1), the sentencing court sentenced Orena to five years to run consecutively. In its sentencing memorandum and order, the sentencing court emphasized '[t]he drain on the city's human and economic resources,” costs of which were “measured in the billions of dollars” as well as the death and injury of many individuals. United States v. Sessa , 821 F. Supp. 870, 874 (E.D.N.Y. 1993). As a result, '[c]onsiderations of incapacitation and general deterrence overwhelm[ed] all other factors in the sentencing,” and imprisonment for life was required. Id. at 874–75. This court affirmed Orena’s conviction and sentence on direct appeal. United States v. Orena , 32 F.3d 704, 707–08 (2d Cir. 1994).

Orena subsequently sought post-conviction relief more than once, including through a 28 U.S.C. § 2255 petition. He argued that an FBI agent secretly conspired Page 9with a Colombo Family member, who also served as a confidential FBI informant, to instigate the intra-Family conflict and to commit the murders for which Orena was convicted. The sentencing court 5 denied the motions following several evidentiary hearings. Orena v. United States , 956 F. Supp. 1071, 1076–77 (E.D.N.Y. 1997) (denying Rule 33 motion and dismissing § 2255 petition); Orena v. United States , 299 F. Supp. 2d 82, 83-84 (E.D.N.Y. 2004) (denying Rule 60(b) motion).

In 2020, Orena sought leave to file a successive § 2255 petition on two grounds: (1) his § 924(c) conviction was invalid in light of Davis , and (2) wrongfully withheld and newly available evidence demonstrated his actual innocence. The Second Circuit granted leave to file a successive § 2255 petition based on the challenge to his § 924(c) conviction in light of Davis , and it did not consider Orena's other contention.

On remand, the government conceded that the § 924(c) conviction must be vacated and originally took the position that full resentencing on the remaining counts was required. Orena initially argued that full litigation of the § 2255 petition was required to address his argument that wrongfully withheld and newly available evidence demonstrated his actual innocence; and he agreed that Page 10full de novo resentencing would be required. Before resolving Orena's actual innocence claims, and on Orena's request because of his declining health, the district court held the § 2255 action in abeyance pending resolution of Orena's parallel motion for sentence reduction under 18 U.S.C. § 3582.

To support his motion for sentence reduction, Orena presented evidence that he suffers from many serious medical conditions and requires assistance with routine tasks. The government opposed sentence reduction, focusing its opposition on the sentencing factors under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).

In October 2021, the habeas court (Komitee, J. ) denied the motion for sentence reduction. Because the government did not dispute that Orena presented extraordinary and compelling reasons for a sentence reduction, the habeas court focused its analysis on the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors. It detailed Orena’s singular role in the Colombo Family and the number of deaths that resulted from his crimes, as well as the “crippling effects” on New York City’s economy. Gov’t App'x 7. The habeas court declined to consider Orena’s new evidence attacking the integrity of his convictions because such 'arguments are properly made in a petition for habeas relief.' Id. at 6 n.4. The habeas court concluded that it was “left with the inescapable conclusion that any sentence short of the life term imposed by Judge Weinstein would insufficiently reflect the seriousness of the offense Page 11conduct here and fail to provide just punishment,” and denied Orena’s sentence reduction motion. Id. at 8. The Second Circuit affirmed, concluding the habeas court rightly refused to weigh Orena’s new evidence because the proper avenue for challenging the underlying convictions was a § 2255 petition, not a sentence reduction motion. United States v. Amato , 48 F.4th 61, 65–66 (2d Cir. 2022).

At that point, because of his deteriorating health, Orena no longer sought a hearing on the actual innocence branch of his § 2255 petition. Instead, he requested that the court conduct a full de novo resentencing on the counts of conviction that remained after vacatur of the § 924(c) conviction. Orena subsequently objected to the revised Pre-Sentence Report primarily on the basis that it did not incorporate the new evidence regarding alleged government misconduct that formed the basis for Orena’s first and second § 2255 petitions. At that point, the government took the position that de novo resentencing was no longer required in light of our intervening decision in Peña .

The habeas court then denied Orena's motion for de novo resentencing. United States v. Orena , No. 92-cr-00351, 2024 WL 1199901, at *3 (E.D.N.Y. Mar. 20, 2024). The habeas court explained its decision to exercise its discretion to decline to conduct a full resentencing as follows. First, the habeas court noted that Orena relied primarily on his age and health challenges, and the associated unlikelihood Page 12that he would reoffend, in arguing for a lower sentence. Id. at *2. The habeas court emphasized that it had already considered these factors in denying Orena's motion for compassionate release. Id.

Second, the habeas court observed that, while the United States Sentencing Guidelines were mandatory at the time of Orena’s original sentencing—a potential reason to resentence here—the sentencing judge expressly disavowed reliance on the Guidelines and instead imposed life sentences based on a § 3553(a) analysis. Id.

Finally, the habeas court rejected Orena's argument that new evidence required de novo resentencing because: (1) the evidence was not actually new, but relied on the same conspiracy between the FBI and the Colombo Family member that Judge Weinstein previously rejected; and (2) any challenges to the validity of Orena’s conviction must be brought via a § 2255 petition rather than as a basis for resentencing on unchallenged convictions. Id. at *2-3. The habeas court entered an amended judgment that excised Orena’s conviction and consecutive sentence on the § 924(c) charge, but it left the balance of his sentence the same. Id. at *3.

Orena timely appealed and challenges the habeas court’s refusal to conduct a de novo resentencing.

Page 13Section 2255 vests district courts with discretion to choose between four statutorily prescribed remedies upon granting a § 2255 petition: (1) vacate and set aside the judgment; (2) resentence; (3) grant a new trial; or (4) correct the sentence. 28 U.S.C. § 2255(b). “ De novo resentencing requires the district court to 'reconsider the sentences imposed on each count, as well as the aggregate sentence,' formulating anew the appropriate sentence for each unreversed conviction under the individualized assessment required by § 3553(a).' Kaziu , 108 F.4th at 88 (quoting United States v. Rigas , 583 F.3d 108, 118 (2d Cir. 2009)). We review a district court's decision to not conduct de novo resentencing for abuse of discretion. See id. at 92.

Orena argues that our evolving caselaw on the subject, and particularly our decision in Kaziu , compels a de novo resentencing. He contends that he has serious medical issues, has maintained a perfect disciplinary record, and does not pose a risk to the public, and that the district court should reassess his sentence for these reasons. He further argues that the court should resentence him because when he was originally sentenced, the Sentencing Guidelines were viewed as mandatory. Finally, he contends that he should be resentenced because he has new Page 14information challenging the integrity of the Government’s investigation of him and others.

We disagree. After considering this Court’s recent caselaw on the issue, we consider Orena’s various contentions.

I. Peña and Kaziu

Two recent Second Circuit decisions lay the groundwork for our analysis here. In Peña , we rejected the argument that de novo resentencing is always required whenever a court vacates one or more of a defendant’s convictions pursuant to a § 2255 petition. 58 F.4th at 618–19. Peña was convicted of five counts: conspiracy to commit murder for hire; substantive murder of two individuals for hire; and two counts of use of a firearm to commit murder, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2 and 924(j). Id. at 615–16. In light of Davis , the government consented to the vacatur of Peña's § 924(j) convictions, and the district court vacated those counts and the associated sentences. Id. at 617. However, the district court declined to conduct de novo resentencing because the vacatur would not impact the sentences for his other convictions, which carried mandatory terms of life imprisonment. Id.

We held that resentencing was not “mandatory” under these circumstances. Id. at 618. And we concluded that the district court did not abuse its discretion in declining to conduct de novo resentencing because resentencing would have beenPage 15 “strictly ministerial” in light of the mandatory life sentences on the remaining, non-vacated counts. Id. at 623. We explicitly declined to define every “circumstance[] under which a district court abuses its discretion in denying de novo resentencing.' Id. But we noted, 'It may be that in most cases in which resentencing would not be strictly ministerial, a district court abuses its discretion when it denies de novo resentencing.' Id.

In Kaziu , we were similarly asked to consider whether the district court exceeded its discretion by declining to conduct a de novo resentencing after some but not all counts were vacated. 108 F.4th at 91. The jury had found Kaziu guilty on four counts: conspiracy to commit murder in a foreign country, conspiracy to provide material support to terrorists, attempt to provide material support to a foreign terrorist organization, and conspiracy to use a firearm in a crime of violence under 18 U.S.C. §§ 924(c) and 924(o). Id. at 87-88. As in Peña , Kaziu's firearms-related conviction, for which he was sentenced to a term of imprisonment, was invalid in light of Davis . Id. at 88. Pursuant to Kaziu's petition under 28 U.S.C. § 2255, the district court vacated Kaziu's firearms-related conviction and associated sentence and reduced Kaziu's sentence on another count-but over Kaziu's objection it did so without conducting a de novo resentencing. Id. at 89-90.

Page 16On appeal, we recognized that our recent decision in Peña foreclosed the argument that “resentencing is categorically required whenever a conviction is vacated on collateral attack.” Id. at 91. And we noted that Peña did not address the limits on a district court's discretion in choosing among remedies under § 2255(b), following vacatur of a count of conviction, in cases in which resentencing would not be “strictly ministerial.” Id.

In assessing those limits, we identified two considerations that were particularly relevant in Kaziu’s case. First, we recognized that the various counts of conviction collectively comprise the body of facts and convictions that drive a court’s sentence. If one count of conviction is overturned, “the constellation of offenses of conviction has been changed and the factual mosaic related to those offenses that the district court must consult to determine the appropriate sentence is likely altered.” Id. at 92 (quoting United States v. Quintieri , 306 F.3d 1217, 1227– 28 (2d Cir. 2002)). And we recognized that concern “grows more sensitive” when the original sentencing judge, who knows the role that each count of conviction played in the overall 'factual mosaic' underlying the sentence, is no longer present. Id. at 92–93. That was the case in Kaziu .

Second, we concluded that one factor that may be relevant to a court's discretion to decline to conduct a de novo resentencing is whether the defendant Page 17plausibly asserts “changed circumstances that suggest that the original rationale underlying the sentence . . . no longer applies.” Id. at 93. Kaziu argued 'he is nonviolent, has reordered his relationship with Islam, and has positioned himself to be a productive member of society,” reflecting “a foundational departure from the type of person Kaziu was when he was originally arrested, convicted, and sentenced.” Id. at 93.

Given these two factors “in tandem,” we concluded that the district court exceeded its discretion in declining to conduct a full, de novo resentencing after vacating the § 924(c) conviction. Id. at 94.

This case adds a new wrinkle that changes the calculus. The habeas judge, while not the original judge, had just conducted the same analysis of the § 3553(a) factors considering most of the changed circumstances Orena relies on here, in the context of Orena's motion for sentence reduction under 18 U.S.C. § 3582. Moreover, for the reasons set forth below, on this record, the fact that he was originally sentenced at a time when the Sentencing Guidelines were viewed as mandatory does not compel resentencing now. And though Orena frames his arguments stemming from alleged government misconduct in its investigation of him and others as new information relevant to his sentence , most of these claims Page 18have been previously adjudicated, and he fails to connect these arguments to his sentence as opposed to the underlying convictions. We consider each of these conclusions in turn.

True, resentencing would not be “strictly ministerial” for Orena like it was in Peña ; he is not subject to statutory mandatory minimums on one or more of his remaining counts. Thus, it is theoretically possible that on resentencing Orena could receive a lower sentence. And Orena is right that the habeas judge , who declined Orena's request for de novo resentencing after striking the § 924(c) conviction, was not the original sentencing judge. Plus, there are significant changed circumstances from Orena's original sentencing in 1992-Orena has serious health issues and requires assistance to meet even his basic needs. He poses a minimum threat to others.

But Orena’s argument that Kaziu is dispositive here ignores the critical fact that the would-be resentencing judge—Judge Komitee—is the same judge who had just considered and rejected Orena’s sentence reduction motion on grounds that would be dispositive at a resentencing. In the context of that § 3582 motion, the government did not dispute that Orena's medical decline constituted an exceptional circumstance potentially warranting sentence reduction. As a Page 19consequence, Judge Komitee's disposition of the § 3582 motion turned on his evaluation of the § 3553(a) sentencing factors. He concluded that Orena fell in a category of cases “in which the offenders’ criminal history is so long, and their victims so numerous, that even serious health conditions do not suffice to merit relief.” Gov’t App’x 5. Judge Komitee explained that Orena “was a singular figure in the annals of the Colombo family” who oversaw “a campaign of violence that resulted in a swath of death and serious injury.' Id. at 6. In addition to emphasizing the human toll, Judge Komitee invoked Judge Weinstein’s estimate that the “direct and indirect costs” of organized crime “to the honest people of the [New York City] metropolitan area are measured in the billions of dollars.” Id. at 8.

Judge Komitee acknowledged many of the factors Orena emphasizes here, including his “undeniably serious” medical issues, his activities in prison, and the Bureau of Prisons' determination that he poses a 'minimum' risk for violence. Id. But the court was “left with the inescapable conclusion that any sentence short of the life term imposed by Judge Weinstein would insufficiently reflect the seriousness of the offense conduct here and fail to provide just punishment.” Id.

If the habeas court-Judge Komitee presiding-were to conduct a de novo resentencing now, it would consider the same information and arguments and Page 20would apply the same § 3553(a) factors to determine “a sentence sufficient, but not greater than necessary' to promote the purposes of sentencing. 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). But he just did that. And he concluded that the factors Orena relies on do not warrant a lower sentence. The district court did not exceed its discretion in declining to repeat the exercise in a de novo resentencing proceeding. Under these unique facts, resentencing would have been “an empty formality.” Peña , 58 F.4th at 623.

One “changed circumstance” Orena identifies that the district court did not address in his sentence reduction motion is the fact that at the time of his original sentencing in 1993, the Sentencing Guidelines were mandatory, but they are now recognized as advisory. See Booker , 543 U.S. at 245 (holding that Sentencing Guidelines are advisory and not mandatory). He contends that the district court abused its discretion in declining to resentence in light of that fact.

Orena may well be right that it could be an abuse of discretion not to resentence where the sentencing judge may have felt bound by the Sentencing Guidelines calculation. Cf. United States v. Fagans , 406 F.3d 138, 142 (2d Cir. 2005) (on direct appeal, remanding for resentencing where defendant preserved objection to district court treating Guidelines as mandatory postBooker ); United Page 21States v. Crosby , 397 F.3d 103, 119–20 (2d Cir. 2005) (on direct appeal, remanding for consideration of whether to resentence where defendant did not preserve this objection); see also United States v. Russo , 643 F. Supp. 3d 325, 333–34 (E.D.N.Y. 2022) (concluding that, in context of motion for sentence reduction under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c), the change in sentencing law brought about by Booker was a factor supporting the conclusion that extraordinary and compelling reasons existed to support sentence reduction).

But the record doesn’t support the suggestion that the Sentencing Guidelines were a driving force behind Orena’s underlying sentence. The habeas court in this § 2255 action excerpted the following from Judge Weinstein’s original sentencing decision to drive the point home:

The Guidelines are of little assistance in these cases. They focus myopically on mechanical aspects of the offenses. Their formulaic scheme fails to account for the overall picture of these defendants developed during three trials and in three thorough and exhaustive presentence reports. These criminals must be punished in the proper context of their lives and their overall actions, not in the vacuum of 'units,' 'offense levels' and “adjustments” created by the Guidelines.

Orena , 2024 WL 1199901, at * 2 (quoting Sessa , 821 F. Supp. at 875).

Moreover, Judge Komitee’s own conclusion that no reduction in Orena’s sentence was warranted was based on an assessment of the § 3553(a) factors, not on Orena’s underlying Guidelines calculation. On this record, we cannot conclude Page 22that the district court exceeded its discretion in declining to vacate the entirety of the preBooker sentence and conduct a full de novo resentencing.

In connection with Orena’s motion for sentence reduction, the habeas court did not consider his claims that new evidence undermines the integrity of the government's investigation that led to Orena's conviction. The habeas court rightly concluded that these assertions were immaterial to a motion for sentence reduction under § 3582(c), and they could only be considered in the context of a petition for habeas relief. Gov’t App’x 6 n.4; Amato , 48 F.4th at 65–66 (affirming denial of Orena’s sentence reduction motion).

But, as noted above, in an effort to expedite the proceedings, Orena withdrew his § 2255 petition based on these allegations. Now he argues that the allegations bear not only on his convictions , but on his sentence , so the habeas court should conduct a full resentencing considering this information.

In particular, Orena points to allegedly new evidence of FBI corruption in connection with his prosecution which “undermines key sentencing conclusions Judge Weinstein came to in 1993.” Appellant’s Br. at 28. For example, Orena points to information, not disclosed by the government during his own prosecution, that a co-conspirator and key instigator of violence in the Colombo Page 23Family internecine conflict, Gregory Scarpa, Sr., acted as a government informant and falsely attributed several murders with which he was involved to others. He further contends that the FBI agent who interfaced with Scarpa, Roy Lindley Devecchio, himself engaged in misconduct, including providing information to Scarpa that got people killed. Moreover, Orena points to information indicating that Frank Sparaco, one of the government’s highest level confidential informants, told the government well before Orena's trial for the Ocera murder, that John Gotti, not Orena, had authorized the “hit” on Ocera. Id. at 36. In Orena’s view, this information “undermines [the sentencing court’s] findings as to uncharged and unproven relevant conduct,” such that resentencing here is compelled. Id. at 30.

There are two problems with Orena’s arguments. First, most of the “new” information is not new at all; it's been the subject of prior challenges to his convictions, including challenges decided by Judge Weinstein.

Second, although Orena says these allegations are relevant to his sentence , his arguments reveal that he in fact seeks to collaterally challenge his convictions by raising these arguments in a resentencing hearing, rather than challenging them directly in a § 2255 petition as he initially sought to do before he changed course. He fails to connect the government's claimed misconduct to his personal Page 24culpability, and his arguments belie his claim that he seeks only to argue that his sentence, rather than his other convictions, are compromised by the government’s investigation.

For example, Orena emphasizes that when juries in subsequent prosecutions of others implicated in the Colombo war were privy to information about the government’s investigation they acquitted—facts that may speak to the materiality of the information for purposes of a Brady challenge, but do not mitigate Orena’s culpability for sentencing purposes.

And he points to more recent information 'that directly and completely undermines the integrity of the charge that Mr. Orena killed Thomas Ocera, the primary charge accounting for the life sentence.' Id. at 35. This argument squarely challenges the underlying convictions on which Orena's sentence was based, not the sentence based on those convictions. And, as the district court recognized, resentencing is not the proper forum for collaterally attacking his other convictions. Orena , 2024 WL 1199901, at *3 (citing Amato , 48 F.4th at 63).

For these reasons, the district court did not exceed its discretion in concluding that Orena’s allegations challenging the integrity of the government’s investigation were really challenges to the validity of his convictions, which must be brought pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 or § 2241.

Page 25Peña left open more questions than it answered. The Court concluded in the context of a § 2255 petition leading to vacatur of a count of conviction and its associated sentence that the decision whether to conduct a de novo resentencing on the remaining counts falls within the district court’s discretion. Peña , 58 F.4th at 620. But it expressly refrained from probing the limits of that discretion, and, in fact, observed, “It may be that in most cases in which resentencing would not be strictly ministerial, a district court abuses its discretion when it denies de novo resentencing.” Id. at 623.

By its nature, discretion requires consideration of myriad factors and is not readily amenable to bright-line rules. The purposes of our sentencing laws guide the exercise of discretion here. Cf. Application of Gianoli Aldunate , 3 F.3d 54, 57 (2d Cir. 1993) (holding that district court’s “exercise of discretion was properly guided by the purposes of the statute”). That includes ensuring that a defendant serves a sentence that is “sufficient, but not greater than necessary” to serve the sentencing purposes set forth in § 3553(a)(2), 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), and recognizing that because “[a] criminal sentence is a package of sanctions that the district court utilizes to effectuate its sentencing intent . . . a district court’s original sentencing intent may Page 26be undermined by altering one portion of the calculus,' Pepper v. United States , 562 U.S. 476, 507 (2011).

This Court has had the opportunity to consider the impact on this discretionary decision of several factors: the fact that the would-be resentencing judge did not impose the original sentence, Kaziu , 108 F.4th at 92-93; changed circumstances since the original sentencing that potentially alter the applicability of various sentencing factors, id. at 93-94; and, now, the would-be resentencing judge’s recent assessment and ruling on the application of the § 3553(a) sentencing factors in the context of a contemporaneous motion for sentence reduction. Future cases will no doubt highlight other factors that may affect the scope of a district court’s discretion in particular cases.

It may be the case that “in most cases in which resentencing would not be strictly ministerial, a district court abuses its discretion when it denies de novo resentencing.” Peña, 58 F.4th at 623. But on this record, for the above reasons, we conclude that the district court did not exceed the limits of its discretion in denying de novo resentencing. The district court's amended judgment is AFFIRMED .