Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Columbia (No. 1:23-cv-01334)

Gregory Dolin argued the cause for appellant. With him on the briefs were John J. Vecchione and Andrew Morris.

David C. Tryon was on the brief for amicus curiae the Buckeye Institute in support of appellant.

Ilya Shapiro was on the brief for amici curiae Manhattan Institute, et al. in support of appellant.

Page 2Richard A. Samp was on the brief for amici curiae Honorable Janice Rogers Brown, et al. in support of appellant.

Christopher A. Zampogna was on the brief for amicus curiae the Bar Association of the District of Columbia in support of appellant.

Melissa N. Patterson , Attorney, U.S. Department of Justice, argued the cause for appellees. With her on the brief were Brian M. Boynton, Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General , at the time the brief was filed, Mark R. Freeman and Maxwell A. Baldi , Attorneys.

Probir K. Bondyopadhyay , Ph.D. , pro se, was on the brief for amicus curiae Probir K. Bondyopadhyay, Ph.D. in support of appellees.

Before: MILLETT, PILLARD, and GARCIA, Circuit Judges .

Opinion for the Court filed by Circuit Judge GARCIA.

GARCIA, Circuit Judge : The Judicial Councils Reform and Judicial Conduct and Disability Act of 1980 empowers circuit judicial councils to investigate allegations of misconduct or disability lodged against fellow judges. The Act also authorizes judicial councils to take 'action' to address such allegations, including by “ordering that, on a temporary basis for a time certain, no further cases be assigned” to the judge in question. 28 U.S.C. § 354(a)(1)–(2).

In 2023, a Special Committee of the Federal Circuit opened an investigation into Judge Pauline Newman under the Act. The Committee asked Judge Newman to undergo medical examinations and produce medical records. Judge Newman refused, contending that those requests and the Committee's investigation were unlawful. In response, the Federal Circuit’s Judicial Council suspended Judge Newman from receiving new case assignments for one year, subject to potential Page 3renewal. The Judicial Council in fact renewed that suspension in September 2024, and it will decide whether to do so again in September 2025.

In May 2023, Judge Newman filed this suit in district court, contesting her suspension on multiple grounds. She argued the Judicial Council violated her constitutional due process rights by refusing to transfer the matter to another circuit despite what she submits are stark conflicts of interest. She claimed that the Act's provision authorizing temporary case-assignment suspensions is facially unconstitutional. She contended, alternatively, that the case-suspension provision is unconstitutional as applied to her, because she has been effectively removed from office without being impeached. And she argued that the Judicial Council exceeded its statutory authority in imposing her suspension.

As the district court recognized, our ability to review Judge Newman’s statutory and constitutional claims is largely foreclosed by binding precedent. In McBryde v. Committee to Review Circuit Council Conduct & Disability Orders of the Judicial Conference of the United States , 264 F.3d 52 (D.C. Cir. 2001), this court held that Congress precluded our jurisdiction over statutory and as-applied constitutional challenges to judicial council orders. Id. at 58-63. Instead, McBryde concluded, Congress intended for those claims to be considered exclusively by the Judicial Conference. Id. This panel has no authority to depart from McBryde .

As a result, we have jurisdiction to consider only Judge Newman's facial constitutional challenge to the Act's casesuspension provision. Under well-settled standards for such claims, that facial challenge fails because-irrespective of whether the provision's application to Judge Newman is constitutional—Judge Newman agrees that the provision has many other constitutional applications.

Page 4We therefore affirm the district court’s judgment. As just explained, however, our reasons for affirming are unrelated to the strength of Judge Newman’s statutory claim or as-applied constitutional claims. Nor does our decision reflect our views of the underlying dispute or of Judge Newman’s suspension. Under McBryde , any recourse for Judge Newman must come from a judicial council or from the Judicial Conference, the entity statutorily empowered to review council decisions.

A

The Judicial Councils Reform and Judicial Conduct and Disability Act of 1980 'established a formal mechanism by which federal judges could be disciplined by fellow judges for ‘conduct prejudicial to the effective and expeditious administration of the business of the courts.'' Hastings v. Jud. Conf. of U.S. , 770 F.2d 1093, 1095 (D.C. Cir. 1985) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 351(a)). The Act outlines the following procedures.

First, '[a]ny person' may submit a complaint alleging judicial misconduct or disability to the clerk of the circuit where the accused judge sits. 28 U.S.C. § 351(a). The clerk will then transmit the complaint to the circuit's chief judge. Id. § 351(c). Alternatively, the chief judge may 'identify a complaint” on her own initiative. Id. § 351(b).

The Act contemplates that proceedings on a complaint will ordinarily take place in the accused judge's own circuit. Congress, however, has also authorized the Judicial Conference of the United States—a body which includes the Chief Justice of the United States, the chief judge and a district judge from each federal circuit, and the Chief Judge of the Court of International Trade—to promulgate rules governing the proceedings. See id. §§ 331, 358(a). One such rule Page 5provides that “[i]n exceptional circumstances, a chief judge or a judicial council may ask the Chief Justice to transfer a proceeding . . . to the judicial council of another circuit.” R. for Jud. Conduct & Jud. Disability Procs. 26.

Upon receiving or identifying a complaint, the chief judge may dismiss the complaint, “conclude the proceeding” because “intervening events” render action unnecessary, or “certify the complaint” to an investigative “special committee.” 28 U.S.C. §§ 352(b), 353(a). A special committee usually consists of the chief judge and two other judges. See id. § 353(a). If appointed, the special committee will “conduct an investigation as extensive as it considers necessary,” id. § 353(c), with 'full subpoena powers” at its disposal, id. § 356(a). Upon completing the investigation, the committee will prepare 'a comprehensive written report,” including “recommendations,” for the circuit’s judicial council, id. § 353(c)-a body that in the Federal Circuit includes all active judges, see id. §§ 332(a)(1), 363; Appellant’s Brief 4 n.1.

After receiving a special committee’s report, the circuit’s judicial council may investigate further, and then must either dismiss the underlying complaint, or 'take . . . action' to address it. 28 U.S.C. § 354(a). Potential 'action' includes formally censuring the judge or requesting that the judge retire. Id. § 354(a)(2). The statute also authorizes a judicial council to 'order[] that, on a temporary basis for a time certain, no further cases be assigned to the judge.” Id. § 354(a)(2)(A)(i). The Act specifies, however, that judicial councils are prohibited from 'order[ing the] removal from office of any [Article III] judge appointed to hold office during good behavior.” Id. § 354(a)(3)(A).

Following consideration by a judicial council, complaints can be reviewed by the Judicial Conference. See id. §§ 331, 357(a)–(b). A circuit’s judicial council may directly refer or Page 6certify any complaint to the Judicial Conference. Id. § 354(b)(1)–(2). Alternatively, a 'complainant or judge aggrieved by an action of the judicial council . . . may petition the Judicial Conference . . . for review.” Id. § 357(a). Upon review, the Conference is empowered to take any of the actions available to a judicial council, or to inform the House of Representatives that it believes impeachment is warranted. Id. § 355. The Conference has delegated that responsibility for reviewing judicial council orders to its Committee on Judicial Conduct and Disability (the JC&D Committee). See R. for Jud. Conduct & Jud. Disability Procs. 21(a).

The Act, however, purports to preclude judicial review of any orders issued during such proceedings. The Act provides for only two forms of intrabranch review: the Judicial Conference’s review of council orders, and a judicial council’s review of certain orders issued by the circuit's chief judge. See 28 U.S.C. §§ 352(c), 357(a). But except for those review mechanisms, Section 357(c) of the Act—in a provision entitled “No Judicial Review”—states that “all orders and determinations, including denials of petitions for review, shall be final and conclusive and shall not be judicially reviewable on appeal or otherwise.” Id. § 357(c).

On March 24, 2023, Federal Circuit Chief Judge Kimberly A. Moore initiated a complaint against Judge Newman, who was then ninety-five years old and remained in active service. Citing reports from court staff, Chief Judge Moore’s complaint claimed that Judge Newman could no longer manage her workload due to health- and age-related mental impairments. The Chief Judge certified the complaint to a Special Committee composed of herself and two other Federal Circuit judges.

As part of its investigation into the complaint, the Special Committee asked Judge Newman to submit medical records Page 7and undergo independent neurological and neuropsychological examinations. Judge Newman objected to the records' and tests’ relevance and refused to comply. She also requested that the complaint be transferred to another circuit, arguing that due process precluded the judges on her circuit's Committeewhom she described as her “accusers” and as “witnesses” to relevant events-from also conducting the investigation and adjudicating the complaint. J.A. 38–39 ¶ 33. The Committee denied her transfer request without prejudice.

On July 31, 2023, the Committee submitted its report to the Judicial Council. The report concluded that Judge Newman's noncooperation itself constituted misconduct, as she had violated Judicial Conduct Rules prohibiting refusal to cooperate in an investigation without good cause. See R. for Jud. Conduct & Jud. Disability Procs. 4(a)(5). The Committee recommended that Judge Newman be suspended from receiving new case assignments for at least one year, subject to renewal if her conduct continued.

On September 20, 2023, the Federal Circuit's Judicial Council issued an order affirming the Committee’s conclusions and adopting its recommendation. Specifically, the Council found that the Committee had a reasonable basis to request the medical records and testing at issue, and it concluded that Judge Newman had not shown good cause for her refusal to comply. The Council ordered that Judge Newman not be permitted to hear any new cases “for a period of one year, . . . subject to consideration of renewal if [her] refusal to cooperate continues after that time and to consideration of modification or rescission if justified by an end of the refusal to cooperate.” Jud. Council Order (Sept. 20, 2023), at 72–73. Judge Newman petitioned the JC&D Committee for review of her suspension. On February 7, 2024, the JC&D Committee affirmed the Council’s order.

Page 8In the meantime, Judge Newman filed this suit in district court against Chief Judge Moore, the two other members of the Special Committee, and the Judicial Council. As amended, her complaint asserted eleven counts. Among them were allegations that the Council's proceedings violated her Fifth Amendment due process rights, that her suspension was not authorized by the Act, and that the Act's case-suspension provision was unconstitutional facially and as-applied.

The district court dismissed Judge Newman’s complaint in part and granted the defendants’ motion for judgment on the pleadings as to the remaining claims. The court concluded that it lacked jurisdiction over Judge Newman's as-applied and statutory challenges and dismissed her facial constitutional challenge on the merits. Judge Newman appealed.

Before this court, Judge Newman continues to press her claim that the Council exceeded its statutory authority because her suspension is not “temporary” and “for a time certain.” 28 U.S.C. § 354(a)(2)(A)(i). She also raises three constitutional challenges to her suspension. First, she argues that the casesuspension provision is facially unconstitutional. Second, she asserts that the provision is unconstitutional as it has been applied to her because it has resulted in her unlawful removal from office. The Constitution, Judge Newman emphasizes, provides that Article III judges “shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour.” U.S. Const. Art. III, § 1. And, she submits, the only method to remove a judge from her 'Office[]' is impeachment. See Appellant's Brief 27. In Judge Newman's view, because she no longer has pending cases to decide, she cannot exercise judicial power and the suspension has, in effect, unconstitutionally removed her from “Office[]” without impeachment. Appellant’s Brief 23–28. Third, Judge Newman brings an as-applied challenge that the Council violated “basic norms of Due Process” by declining to transfer her case to another circuit, and instead 'having the same Page 9individuals act as both witnesses and adjudicators.” Id. at 5556, 58–60.

In September 2024, while this appeal was pending, the Federal Circuit’s Judicial Council renewed Judge Newman’s suspension for a second year. And in July 2025, the Special Committee recommended that her suspension be renewed for a third year.

The district court dismissed Judge Newman’s as-applied constitutional claims and statutory claim for lack of jurisdiction. Our court reviews that dismissal de novo. Statewide Bonding, Inc. v. DHS , 980 F.3d 109, 114 (D.C. Cir. 2020). We affirm. Binding circuit precedent dictates that federal courts lack jurisdiction to review those claims.

Recall that Section 357(c) of the Act provides that 'all orders and determinations” of a judicial council or the Judicial Conference 'shall not be judicially reviewable on appeal or otherwise.' 28 U.S.C. § 357(c). By its plain text, that provision appears to explicitly preclude judicial review of all challenges to covered orders.

The Supreme Court, however, has long instructed that a 'serious constitutional question . . . would arise if a federal statute were construed to deny any judicial forum for a colorable constitutional claim.” Webster v. Doe , 486 U.S. 592, 603 (1988) (citation modified). Thus, 'a statutory bar to judicial review” is understood to “preclude[] review of constitutional claims only if there is 'clear and convincing' evidence that the Congress so intended.' Ralls Corp. v. Comm. on Foreign Inv. in U.S. , 758 F.3d 296, 308 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (citation omitted). To ascertain the scope of an explicit preclusion provision like Section 357(c), our court “examine[s]Page 10 both the text of the statute and the legislative history” and asks whether there is “clear-and-convincing evidence” of 'congressional intent to bar judicial review of constitutional claims.” Id. at 309.

Twenty-four years ago, our court applied those principles to determine the preclusive scope of Section 357(c). See McBryde v. Comm. to Rev. Cir. Council Conduct & Disability Ords. of Jud. Conf. of U.S. , 264 F.3d 52, 58-63 (D.C. Cir. 2001). In McBryde , we considered a judge's statutory and constitutional challenges to a judicial council order imposing sanctions under the Act. See id. at 54-55. We held that Section 357(c) explicitly precluded that judge's statutory claims. Id. at 59, 63-64. And we used the clear-and-convincing-evidence test to determine that Section 357(c) precluded some of that judge’s constitutional claims. Id. at 58-63. Specifically, our court held that Section 357(c) did not preclude facial constitutional challenges given the 'serious constitutional question” that would arise if such claims could not be brought in any forum. Id. at 58 (quoting Webster , 486 U.S. at 603). We also held, however, that Section 357(c) did “preclude review in the courts for as applied constitutional claims.” Id. at 62-63. In the Act's legislative history, we discerned 'clear and convincing” evidence of Congress’s intent to channel review of as-applied challenges to the Judicial Conference alone and away from federal courts. Id. 1

Page 11McBryde ’s jurisdictional holding was unambiguous: Section 357(c) bars from federal court statutory and as-applied constitutional challenges to judicial council or Judicial Conference orders issued under the Act. Id . at 59, 62–63.

We are bound by a prior panel decision “unless intervening Supreme Court precedent” has “effectively overrule[d], i.e. , eviscerate[d]' that decision. Alpine Sec. Corp. v. Fin. Indus. Regul. Auth. , 121 F.4th 1314, 1334 (D.C. Cir. 2024) (citation modified). Neither our court nor the Supreme Court has reconsidered the scope of Section 357(c) (or altered the clear-and-convincing-evidence test) since McBryde was decided. And McBryde has not otherwise been overruled or meaningfully undermined. We therefore may not review Judge Newman's statutory challenge or as-applied constitutional challenges.

Judge Newman resists that conclusion principally by arguing that McBryde has been effectively overruled and so no longer forecloses review of statutory challenges or as-applied constitutional challenges. We are not persuaded.

Judge Newman first claims that McBryde ’s holding respecting statutory challenges was eviscerated by the Supreme Court’s decision in SAS Institute, Inc. v. Iancu , 584 U.S. 357 (2018). That case, she says, suggests that even an explicit statutory bar cannot preclude judicial review of claims that an agency exceeded its statutory authority. See Appellant's Brief 52-53. But SAS Institute says no such thing. That case applied the same principles as McBryde to a differently worded preclusion provision. And the Court permitted that petitioner’s challenge to proceed because the preclusion provision by its Page 12terms did not encompass the petitioner's challenge. The provision there stated that a “determination by the Director [of the Patent Office] whether to institute an inter partes review under this section shall be final and nonappealable.” SAS Inst. , 584 U.S. at 370 (quoting 35 U.S.C. § 314(d)) (emphasis added). But the petitioner challenged how the Director conducted his inter partes review—not the Director’s determination of “ whether to institute' such review-so that challenge was not precluded. Id. at 370-71. Judge Newman does not argue that the order imposing her suspension somehow falls outside the category of “all orders and determinations' described in Section 357(c). And SAS Institute is irrelevant to the argument she does make: that Section 357(c) cannot bar any argument that a judicial council exceeded its statutory authority.²

Judge Newman also fails to show that McBryde ’s holding regarding as-applied constitutional challenges has been eviscerated.

Page 13First, Judge Newman argues that McBryde ’s holding was undermined by Congress's 2002 addition of a severability clause to the Act. That clause states: “If any provision of this subtitle . . . or the application of such provision . . . to any person or circumstance is held to be unconstitutional, the remainder of this subtitle . . . and the application of the provisions of such to any person or circumstance shall not be affected thereby.' 28 U.S.C. § 351 Note. Judge Newman argues that the provision’s text—by imagining that an application of the Act could be found unconstitutional-“ expressly contemplates 'as applied' challenges to the Act being adjudicated in Article III courts.” Appellant’s Brief 60.

We disagree. The clause does not state that Article III courts can consider as-applied challenges. And although it contemplates some entity finding applications of the Act unconstitutional, it is possible Congress envisioned that a judicial council or the Judicial Conference (not an Article III court) could make such findings. Our court in McBryde , after all, concluded that the Judicial Conference could decide such claims. See 264 F.3d at 62, 68. At the least, the clause does not provide clear evidence of Congressional intent to, in effect, partly repeal Section 357(c) as it was understood in McBryde . See United States v. Hansen , 772 F.2d 940, 944 (D.C. Cir. 1985) (“[R]epeals by implication are not favored, and will not be found unless an intent to repeal is clear and manifest.' (citation modified)).

Second, Judge Newman argues that the Judicial Conference has declined to consider constitutional issues in the years since McBryde was decided. Its failure to do so, she says, undermines McBryde ’s reasoning, which emphasized Congress's intent to channel review of those claims to the Judicial Conference. See 264 F.3d at 62–63.

Page 14Whatever the Judicial Conference’s current practices are, they do not undermine McBryde . When McBryde was decided, the Judicial Conference declined to pass on constitutional issues. See id. at 62. The McBryde court acknowledged as much and conceded that it had no power to order the Judicial Conference to begin hearing such claims (though it urged the Conference to do so). See id. at 62, 68. Our court's reasoning thus never depended on the Conference in fact reviewing constitutional claims. Instead, our holding rested on the finding that Congress had—clearly and convincingly— intended that the Conference, rather than courts, review asapplied challenges (even if the Conference in fact shirked its duty). See id. at 59-61.³

Third and finally, Judge Newman turns to the Supreme Court's opinions in Axon Enterprise, Inc. v. FTC , 598 U.S. 175 (2023), and Free Enterprise Fund v. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board , 561 U.S. 477 (2010). On her Page 15view, those cases held that all constitutional questions 'are outside the scope of agencies' expertise' and so must be reviewable in federal courts. Appellant's Brief 62. Those holdings, she says, undermine McBryde 's conclusion that Congress intended to route review of as-applied challenges exclusively to the Judicial Conference.

Judge Newman overreads Axon and Free Enterprise Fund . Most simply, those cases did not involve an explicit statutory bar on judicial review, and so did not address the same type of legal question as did McBryde . In Axon and Free Enterprise Fund , entities facing agency investigations or enforcement actions sued in district court, arguing that the agencies at issue were unconstitutionally structured. See Axon , 598 U.S. at 180; Free Enter. Fund , 561 U.S. at 487. As the Court emphasized, neither case involved an explicit jurisdiction-stripping provision like Section 357(c). See Free Enter. Fund , 561 U.S. at 489 (“[T]he text does not expressly limit the jurisdiction . . . [of] district courts.”); see also Axon , 598 U.S. at 185. Instead, the agencies claimed that Congress’s creation of a scheme of administrative review, followed by review in a court of appeals, implicitly precluded district court suits challenging the agencies’ actions. See Axon , 598 U.S. at 184–88; Free Enter. Fund , 561 U.S. at 489-91. In such a case, rather than the clearand-convincing-evidence test McBryde applied, courts deploy a different doctrinal framework stemming from Thunder Basin Coal Co. v. Reich , 510 U.S. 200 (1994). See Axon , 598 U.S at 185–86; Free Enter. Fund , 561 U.S. at 489-91. That difference alone defeats any argument that Axon or Free Enterprise Fund eviscerates McBryde 's reading of Section 357(c)’s explicit bar on judicial review.

A further weakness in Judge Newman’s analogy is also worth noting. She seizes on the Court’s explanation that the SEC and FTC were comparatively inexpert as compared to district courts in evaluating constitutional claims. See Axon ,Page 16 598 U.S. at 194–95; Free Enter. Fund , 561 U.S. at 491. But it is far from clear that concern applies equally to judicial councils or the Judicial Conference. Those entities are, after all, composed exclusively of Article III judges.

Taking a different tack, Judge Newman argues that, even if McBryde generally remains good law, its reasoning does not apply to her specific as-applied challenges. This line of argument also proves unpersuasive.

To start, Judge Newman contends that McBryde held in a footnote that Section 357(c) did not cover as-applied challenges (like hers) to long-term disqualifications from hearing cases. That footnote states: “Obviously, we do not decide whether a long-term disqualification from cases could, by its practical effect, [e]ffect an unconstitutional ‘removal.’” McBryde , 264 F.3d at 67 n.5. Through that footnote, she argues, McBryde promised that a court would have jurisdiction to consider that type of as-applied challenge if it arose.

That reading is implausible. McBryde squarely held-in an earlier section of the opinion—that Section 357(c) reflects Congress's intent 'to preclude review in the courts for as applied constitutional claims.' Id. at 62-63. The footnote appears in the panel's later discussion of McBryde 's facial challenge and does not purport to modify the court’s jurisdictional holding.

Next, Judge Newman argues that McBryde does not preclude review of her due process challenge to the Judicial Council’s refusal to transfer her case. The Act, she notes, does not explicitly provide for Judicial Conference review of a council’s decision to transfer (or not transfer) a case. And she argues that McBryde 's rationale cannot apply to her due Page 17process claim because it turned on the availability of review before the Judicial Conference.

Judge Newman may be right that the Act provides no means to petition the Conference for interlocutory review of the Council’s transfer decision. But the Act does provide for Conference review of any final council action stemming from a case that was not transferred. See 28 U.S.C. § 357(a)-(b). Judge Newman's due process challenge to the Council's transfer decision can thus be raised to the Conference as part of a petition challenging the Council’s final action in this case. Indeed, Judge Newman challenged the Judicial Council's denial of her transfer request in her 2023 petition for review of the Council’s initial suspension order, and the JC&D Committee addressed it. See In re Complaint No. 23-90015, C.C.D. No. 23-01 (U.S. Jud. Conf. Feb. 7, 2024), at 15–22.

Judge Newman cannot show that McBryde has been eviscerated or that her specific claims escape its grasp. We thus lack jurisdiction over her statutory and as-applied constitutional challenges.

We do have jurisdiction over Judge Newman's facial challenge to the Act’s case-suspension provision, see McBryde , 264 F.3d at 58, and now turn to the merits of that challenge.

In a facial challenge, the plaintiff asks a court to look beyond the facts of her own case and declare a statutory provision unconstitutional in all its applications. Facial challenges thus strain against the many 'good reasons' that “courts usually handle constitutional claims case by case, not en masse.' Moody v. NetChoice, LLC , 603 U.S. 707, 723 (2024). As a result, under longstanding precedent, such challenges are quite difficult to make out. To succeed in a facial challenge, a plaintiff must show that “no set of Page 18circumstances exists under which the law would be valid” or 'that the law lacks a plainly legitimate sweep.' Comm. on Ways & Means v. Dep’t of Treasury , 45 F.4th 324, 339 (D.C. Cir. 2022) (quoting Ams. for Prosperity Found. v. Bonta , 594 U.S. 595, 615 (2021); United States v. Salerno , 481 U.S. 739, 745 (1987)) (citation modified). Put differently, the plaintiff must demonstrate that the provision at issue does not have any—or at least not many—constitutional applications.

Judge Newman’s own concessions demonstrate that she cannot meet that settled standard. She challenges 28 U.S.C. § 354(a)(2)(A)(i), which authorizes judicial councils to “order[] that, on a temporary basis for a time certain, no further cases be assigned to the judge whose conduct is the subject of a complaint.' But Judge Newman concedes that, under that provision, short suspensions from receiving new case assignments can be constitutional at least as long as the judge still has cases left to decide—while a judge clears a mounting backlog of opinions, for example. See Reply Brief 6, 9; Appellant's Brief 41-43. In fact, both our court and the Supreme Court have suggested the same (albeit in dicta). See McBryde , 264 F.3d at 65; Chandler v. Jud. Council of Tenth Cir. , 398 U.S. 74, 85 (1970). Judge Newman thus cannot show that there is “no set of circumstances . . . under which the law would be valid” or that it “lacks a plainly legitimate sweep.” Comm. on Ways & Means , 45 F.4th at 339 (citation modified). Indeed, Judge Newman does not attempt to make that showing.

Judge Newman’s argument instead proceeds as though she needs to show only that some portion of the statute’s applications are unconstitutional. She accordingly argues that her lengthy suspension is unconstitutional, and that if the provision authorizes that suspension and similar ones, it must be facially unconstitutional.

Page 19That argument misunderstands the law governing facial constitutional challenges. To be sure, in the First Amendment context, statutes may sometimes be deemed facially invalid where only a subset of their applications are unconstitutional. See United States v. Hansen , 599 U.S. 762, 769 (2023). But that unique way of evaluating facial challenges—called “overbreadth doctrine”—“[b]reak[s]” from the ordinary rules for evaluating such claims to “guard against” the potential that even partly unconstitutional laws 'may deter or ‘chill’ constitutionally protected speech.' Id. at 769-70 (citation modified). Given that other types of constitutional challenges do not raise those same concerns, however, courts “have not recognized an ‘overbreadth’ doctrine outside the limited context of the First Amendment.” Salerno , 481 U.S. at 745; accord Metro. Wash. Chapter, Associated Builders & Contractors, Inc. v. District of Columbia , 62 F.4th 567, 577 (D.C. Cir. 2023). This is not a First Amendment case. Overbreadth doctrine does not apply. So Judge Newman's theory fails.

Judge Newman further urges us to adopt a 'narrowing construction” of the statute. Appellant’s Brief 41–42. She asks us to find that case suspensions like hers are at least constitutionally suspect and construe the case-suspension provision not to authorize such suspensions to avoid a potentially serious constitutional flaw. See Crowell v. Benson , 285 U.S. 22, 62 (1932). But a narrowing construction can be justified only if a party first raises a serious constitutional question. See id. Here, the only claim properly before us is Judge Newman’s facial challenge. And as just explained, that challenge does not present a close question. We therefore have no occasion to consider a narrowing construction.

Page 20We have now resolved all issues presented in this case. Before concluding, however, we emphasize two points.

First, we do not consider—because we cannot consider— the merits of Judge Newman’s as-applied constitutional claims. Judge Newman has posed important and serious questions about whether these Judicial Conduct and Disability Act proceedings comport with constitutional due process principles and whether her ongoing suspension comports with the structure of our Constitution. That we do not answer those questions is no indication that her arguments lack merit, nor signals how we might have addressed them if we were able. As already discussed, precedent strips us of authority to consider those challenges. We do not reach them for that reason alone.

Second, as a panel of this court, we are unable to overrule McBryde , and so do not resolve whether McBryde was rightly decided. To be sure, there are substantial arguments that—if judicial councils and the Conference are properly regarded as administrative bodies—the McBryde majority misapplied the clear-and-convincing-evidence test when interpreting Section 357(c). Judge Tatel’s partial dissent articulated several such arguments: The McBryde majority may have applied the clearand-convincing-evidence test more loosely than our court had in prior cases, in part because it thought that as-applied constitutional claims would still be heard by 'a reviewing ‘agency’ composed exclusively of Article III judges.” McBryde , 264 F.3d at 62; see id. at 73-76 (Tatel, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part) (citing Ungar v. Smith , 667 F.2d 188, 193, 195 n.2, 196 (D.C. Cir. 1981); Griffith v. Fed. Lab. Rels. Auth. , 842 F.2d 487, 490, 494–95 (D.C. Cir. 1988)). It relied on a potentially strained reading of the relevant legislative history. See id. at 74-76. And its holding could be taken to suggest that certain constitutional questions might be Page 21heard in no forum (if the Judicial Conference does not consider those challenges) and that, regardless, the Judicial Conference—not the Supreme Court—would be the last word on major questions of constitutional law. See id. at 75.

The seeming absence of a judicial forum to address Newman’s as-applied constitutional claims itself raises constitutional concerns. See Webster , 486 U.S. at 603. Judge Newman presents substantial arguments that her suspension— which has now lasted nearly two years, with a third year recommended—threatens the principle of judicial independence and may violate the separation of powers. She further contends that the refusal to transfer her case to a different circuit deprived her of an impartial tribunal, which if correct would raise due process concerns. See, e.g. , Gibson v. Berryhill , 411 U.S. 564, 579 (1973); In re Murchison , 349 U.S. 133, 136-37 (1955).

Those doubts, however, would at most suggest that McBryde was wrong the day it was decided, not that it does not bind us now. (Indeed, many of those arguments were presented when McBryde was issued, and our full court nonetheless denied en banc review. See McBryde v. Comm. to Rev. Cir. Council Conduct & Disability Ords. of Jud. Conf. of U.S. , 278 F.3d 29, 29 (D.C. Cir. 2002) (per curiam).)

The result of faithfully applying McBryde is that Judge Newman cannot raise her as-applied constitutional arguments in any Article III forum.⁴ It is thus up to the Judicial Council and the Judicial Conference to genuinely engage with those arguments.

Page 22The judgment of the district court is affirmed.

So ordered.