Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, at Greenbelt. Lydia Kay Griggsby, District Judge. (8:23-cv-01181-LKG)

Argued: May 7, 2026 Decided: May 21, 2026

Before KING, AGEE, and HEYTENS, Circuit Judges.

Vacated and remanded by published opinion. Judge King wrote the opinion, in which Judge Agee and Judge Heytens joined.

ARGUED: Jon L. Brunenkant, BRUNENKANT & ASSOCIATES PLLC, Washington, D.C., for Appellant. Michael E. von Diezelski, VON DIEZELSKI & TURGEON, LLC, Annapolis, Maryland, for Appellees.

Page 2KING, Circuit Judge:

In this appeal from the District of Maryland, pro se plaintiff Jon Lodwick Brunenkant — a lawyer from Washington, D.C., and an active member of the Bar of our Court — appeals the district court’s November 2023 order dismissing his complaint, which alleged two Maryland state law claims against defendants Suburban Hospital, Inc., and Suburban Hospital Healthcare System, Inc. (collectively “Suburban Hospital,” “Suburban,” or the “Hospital”), for fraudulent misrepresentation and conspiracy to commit fraud. See Brunenkant v. Suburban Hosp., Inc. , No. 8:23-cv-01181 (D. Md. May 4, 2023), ECF No. 1 (the “fraud and conspiracy complaint”). More specifically, the court granted Suburban’s motion to dismiss the fraud and conspiracy complaint pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), concluding that the claims Brunenkant asserted therein against Suburban Hospital were time barred. See Brunenkant v. Suburban Hosp., Inc. , No. 8:23cv-01181 (D. Md. Nov. 13, 2023), ECF No. 22 (the “Dismissal Order”).

On appeal, Brunenkant primarily maintains that the district court applied an incorrect statute of limitations in dismissing the claims alleged against Suburban Hospital in the fraud and conspiracy complaint. That is, Brunenkant says the court incorrectly applied Maryland's five-year statute of limitations for medical malpractice claims, as supplied by the Old Line State's Health Care Malpractice Claims Act (the 'Act'), see Md. Code Ann., Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 5-109, when the court should have applied the State’s general three-year statute of limitations for civil claims, see Md. Code Ann., Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 5-101. As explained below, we agree with Brunenkant. We are thus constrained to vacate the Dismissal Order of November 2023 and remand for further proceedings.

The facts underlying this appeal are rather straightforward.¹ On October 10, 2015, plaintiff Brunenkant presented at the Emergency Department of Suburban Hospital in Bethesda, with symptoms of abdominal pain, persistent nausea, and vomiting. After ordering a CT scan of Brunenkant’s abdomen — along with an electrocardiogram and an ultrasound — an attending physician in Suburban’s Emergency Department suspected that Brunenkant was afflicted with “cholecystitis” or, more simply, gallbladder disease.

On the day that Brunenkant presented at Suburban Hospital, a 72-year-old general surgeon named Dr. Said Daee was scheduled as the 'on-call' trauma and emergency services surgeon. Pursuant to the allegations of the fraud and conspiracy complaint, Suburban and Dr. Daee each represented to Brunenkant that Dr. Daee was an employee, agent, or apparent agent of the Hospital, and that Dr. Daee was acting on behalf of Suburban as its employee, agent, or apparent agent. To that end, Dr. Daee confirmed the Emergency Department attending physician's diagnosis of cholecystitis, and Dr. Daee recommended prompt emergency surgery to remove Brunenkant’s diseased gallbladder.

The next day, October 11, 2015, Dr. Daee removed Brunenkant’s gallbladder at Suburban Hospital’s Bethesda facility. Due to complications from the gallbladder removal Page 4surgery, Brunenkant underwent another surgery about a month later at Georgetown Hospital in November 2015. That second procedure revealed medical malpractice arising out of the gallbladder removal surgery performed a month earlier by Dr. Daee at Suburban.

In January 2020, Brunenkant filed a pro se medical malpractice lawsuit against Suburban Hospital and Dr. Daee in the District of Marlyand. See Brunenkant v. Suburban Hosp., Inc. , No. 8:20-cv-00150 (D. Md. Jan. 17, 2020), ECF No. 1.² During that litigation, Brunenkant alleges that he discovered — in May 2022 — that Suburban’s contract with Dr. Daee, who it turns out was not an employee of the Hospital but rather an independent contractor, disclaimed any supervision of Dr. Daee’s activities as a surgeon at the Hospital.

In July and August of 2022, Brunenkant twice sought leave from the district court to amend his complaint in the medical malpractice lawsuit to pursue additional claims against Suburban Hospital, but the court denied such relief in March 2023. Brunenkant thereupon commenced this civil action against Suburban in May 2023, invoking the district court’s diversity jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332. By his two-count fraud and conspiracy complaint, Brunenkant alleges that Suburban fraudulently misrepresented itself as Dr. Daee’s employer at the time of the gallbladder removal surgery in October 2015, and that the Hospital conspired to conceal its “on-call” services contract with Dr. Daee.

Page 5In July 2023, Suburban Hospital moved to dismiss Brunenkant's fraud and conspiracy complaint, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). Specifically, Suburban maintained that Brunenkant’s claims are time barred under Maryland’s medical malpractice five-year statute of limitations. See Md. Code Ann., Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 5-109 (establishing five-year statute of limitations for '[a]n action for damages for an injury arising out of the rendering of or failure to render professional services by a health care provider”); but see id. § 5-101 (specifying that “[a] civil action at law shall be filed within three years from the date it accrues unless another provision of the Maryland Code provides a different period of time within which an action shall be commenced” (citation modified)).

By its eight-page Dismissal Order of November 2023, the district court granted Suburban Hospital’s Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss Brunenkant’s fraud and conspiracy complaint. Although the Dismissal Order initially recognized Maryland’s general threeyear statute of limitations for civil claims, see Md. Code Ann., Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 5-101, it summarily resolved to apply the five-year statute of limitations applicable to medical malpractice claims, see Md. Code Ann., Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 5-109. According to the Dismissal Order, “[t]he complaint in this case makes clear that [Brunenkant’s] fraudulent misrepresentation and conspiracy to commit fraud claims are untimely under [s]ection 5109.” See Dismissal Order 6. Because Brunenkant “was aware of [Suburban’s] alleged medical negligence no later than on November 20, 2015,” the Dismissal Order ruled that Brunenkant therefore “had five years from that date, up to and until November 20, 2020 to file his claims.” Id. at 7. In that light, the Dismissal Order deemed the claims asserted Page 6against Suburban in the fraud and conspiracy complaint to be untimely under section 5109, since Brunenkant “commenced this matter on May 23, 2023, well-beyond this five[-] year limitations period” that ran from the date of surgery on October 11, 2015. Id.

* * *

Brunenkant promptly sought Rule 59(e) reconsideration of the Dismissal Order that underlies this appeal, but the district court denied such relief in February 2024. Brunenkant timely noticed this appeal from the Dismissal Order in March 2024, and we possess final decision jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 (“The courts of appeals . . . shall have jurisdiction of appeals from all final decisions of the district courts of the United States”).³

Our Court 'review[s] de novo [a] dismissal pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6).” See Semenova v. Md. Transit Admin. , 845 F.3d 564, 567 (4th Cir. 2017) (citation modified); Mylan Lab’ys., Inc. v. Matkari , 7 F.3d 1130, 1134 (4th Cir. 1993). Again, “in conducting this review, we accept the complaint’s factual allegations as true and view them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.' See Moretti v. Thorsdottir , 157 F.4th 352, 359 (4th Cir. 2025). Of especial relevance here, “[a] court [is permitted to]Page 7 grant a [Rule] 12(b)(6) motion on statute of limitations grounds only if the time bar is apparent on the face of the complaint .' See Semenova , 845 F.3d at 567 (emphasis added).

On appeal, the pro se Brunenkant maintains that the district court incorrectly applied Maryland’s statute of limitations for medical malpractice claims to the claims alleged in the fraud and conspiracy complaint, see Md. Code Ann., Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 5-109, and that the court should have applied a general three-year statute of limitations for civil claims, see Md. Code Ann., Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 5-101. Put simply, we agree with Brunenkant.

At the outset, we recognize that the Supreme Court of Maryland has never ruled on the precise question of whether fraudulent misrepresentation and conspiracy claims — such as those asserted by Brunenkant in his fraud and conspiracy complaint of May 2023, which stem from alleged medical malpractice — are subject to section 5-101 or 5-109.⁴ To that end, when the parties were queried by our Court about the possibility of certifying a question to the Old Line State’s high court, they each balked. Despite the parties’ views, and otherwise being independently satisfied that such a certification is not necessary, our analysis today is our very best ' Erie guess.' See Tederick v. LoanCare, LLC , 168 F.4thPage 8 154, 165 n.10 (4th Cir. 2026) (citation modified). That is, as a federal court sitting in diversity pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332, “we are divining and enforcing the rule that we believe the [Maryland] high court would choose if the case were pending in that forum.” Id. To put it somewhat differently, we are “ancipat[ing] what its decision would be.” See Zeigler v. Eastman Chem. Co. , 54 F.4th 187, 194 (4th Cir. 2022) (citation modified).⁵

On that score, in 1983, Maryland’s high court — which as discussed supra , was then referred to as the Court of Appeals of Maryland — recognized that the State’s Health Care Malpractice Claims Act, which includes section 5-109, “covers only those claims for damages arising from the rendering or failure to render health care where there has been a breach by the defendant, in his professional capacity, of his duty to exercise his professional expertise or skill.” See Cannon v. McKen , 459 A.2d 196, 201 (Md. 1983) (emphasis added); Brooks v. Md. Gen. Hosp., Inc. , 996 F.2d 708, 712 (4th Cir. 1993) (recognizing that “[a]lthough the scope of the [Act’s] language broadly covers all claims against health care providers for injury arising or resulting from the rendering or failure to render health care, Maryland courts have limited the Act's applicability to traditional malpractice claims arising from the breach by a professional of his duty to comply with a standard of care” (citation modified)); Anderson v. United States , 46 A.3d 426, 430-33 (Md. 2012) (Maryland high court discussing history of section 5-109). Notably, that Act Page 9does not cover “claims for damages arising from a professional’s failure to exercise due care in non-professional situations such as premises liability, slander, assault, etc.” See Cannon , 459 A.2d at 201; Brooks , 996 F.2d at 712 (“Claims for injuries arising from other causes in connection with health care have thus been excluded from coverage of the Act”).

B.

Against this backdrop of Maryland legal principles, we are of opinion that the claims alleged by Brunenkant in his fraud and conspiracy complaint fall well within the ambit of section 5-101, and not section 5-109. Although Suburban Hospital maintains on appeal that Brunenkant’s fraud and conspiracy claims relate to the emergency gallbladder removal surgery that Brunenkant underwent at Suburban in October 2015 — and thus appear to arise in the health care context — they are simply not the “traditional malpractice claims” subject to section 5-109’s five-year statute of limitations. See Brooks , 996 F.2d at 712. Instead, as our distinguished Maryland colleague Judge Niemeyer recognized in the 1993 Brooks decision, they are civil '[c]laims for injuries arising from other causes in connection with health care ,' such that they are excluded from the Act. Id. (emphasis added).⁶

To be sure, rather than invoking section 5-109, the district court should have applied Maryland’s general three-year statute of limitations for civil claims to assess whether the claims alleged in Brunenkant’s fraud and conspiracy complaint are time barred. See, e.g. , Page 10Phillips v. G.D. Searle & Co. , 884 F.2d 796, 797-98 (4th Cir. 1989) (recognizing that section 5-101 applies to claim for fraudulent misrepresentation); Bd. of Educ. of Charles Cnty. v. Plymouth Rubber Co. , 569 A.2d 1288, 1294 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1990) (applying section 5-101 to fraud and civil conspiracy claims). And section 5-101 specifically provides that “[a] civil action at law shall be filed within three years from the date it accrues unless another provision of the Code provides a different period of time within which an action shall be commenced.” See Md. Code Ann., Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 5-101.

Furthermore, in applying section 5-101’s three-year statute of limitation, Maryland courts utilize the so-called 'discovery rule,' which provides that 'the cause of action accrues when the claimant in fact knew or reasonably should have known of the wrong.” See Poffenberger v. Risser , 431 A.2d 677, 680 (Md. 1981); Hartnett v. Schering Corp. , 2 F.3d 90, 92 (4th Cir. 1993) (“Under Maryland law a plaintiff should have known of a cause of action if (i) she has knowledge of circumstances which would cause a reasonable person in the position of the plaintiff to undertake an investigation and (ii) an investigation pursued with reasonable diligence would have led to knowledge of the alleged tort.' (citation modified)). And in a similar vein, Maryland’s high court has recognized that “[w]hether or not the plaintiff’s failure to discover his cause of action was due to failure on his part to use due diligence, or to the fact that defendant so concealed the wrong that plaintiff was unable to discover it by the exercise of due diligence, is ordinarily a question of fact for the jury.” See O’Hara v. Kovens , 503 A.2d 1313, 1320 (Md. 1986) (citation modified).

Finally, having concluded that section 5-101 is the statute of limitations applicable to the civil claims asserted by Brunenkant in the fraud and conspiracy complaint, we refrain from undertaking the analysis — for the first time in this appeal — of whether those claims were timely brought against Suburban Hospital. Rather, ever-mindful that “we are a court of review, not first view,” see United States v. Avilla , 134 F.4th 244, 248 (4th Cir. 2025), we leave to the able district judge the obligation of resolving that issue in the first instance.⁷

Pursuant to the foregoing, we vacate the district court's Dismissal Order of November 2023 and remand for further proceedings.

VACATED AND REMANDED