Defendant-Appellees,

DOES, 1-20 INCLUSIVE, Defendants .

Page 2Plaintiffs, who are rightsholders of musical recordings, all affiliates of EMI, petition for reconsideration of our decision of January 13, 2025. See Capitol Recs., LLC v. Vimeo, Inc. , 125 F.4th 409 (2d Cir. 2025). In that opinion, we ruled, in part, that Plaintiffs waived the argument under Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd. , 545 U.S. 913 (2005), that Defendants Vimeo, Inc. and Connected Ventures, LLC's (collectively, 'Vimeo') encouragement of users to make infringing lip-dub videos may constitute a form of “right and ability to control' infringement, thus risking forfeiture of the safe harbor provided by the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. § 512(c). The petition for rehearing is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part.

CATHERINE E. STETSON (Nathaniel A.G. Zelinsky, Hogan Lovells US LLP, Washington, D.C.; Russell J. Frackman, Mitchell Silberberg & Knupp LLP, Los Angeles, CA, on the brief ), Hogan Lovells US LLP, Washington, D.C., for PlaintiffAppellants . KATHLEEN M. SULLIVAN (Todd Anten, Owen F. Roberts, Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan, LLP, New York, NY; Michael A. Cheah, Vimeo, Inc., New York, NY; Rachel Kassabian, Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan, LLP, Redwood Shores, CA, on the brief ), Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan, LLP, Los Angeles, CA, for DefendantAppellees .

Hyland Hunt, Ruthanne M. Deutsch, Alexandra Mansbach, Deutsch Hunt

Page 3PLLC, Washington, D.C., for amici curiae , National Music Publishers’ Association, Recording Industry Association of America, and Copyright Alliance, in support of Plaintiff-Appellants .

Matthew C. Schruers, Alexandra Sternburg, Computer & Communications Industry Association, Washington, D.C., for amicus curiae , Computer & Communications Industry Association, in support of DefendantAppellees .

Mitchell L. Stoltz, Corynne McSherry, Electronic Frontier Foundation, San Francisco, CA, for amicus curiae , Electronic Frontier Foundation, in support of Defendant-Appellees .

Rebecca Tushnet, Harvard Law School, Cambridge, MA, for amici curiae , Intellectual Property Scholars in Support of Defendant-Appellees .

LEVAL, Circuit Judge :

Plaintiffs, who are rightsholders of musical recordings, all affiliates of EMI, petition for reconsideration of our decision of January 13, 2025. See Capitol Recs., LLC v. Vimeo, Inc. , 125 F.4th 409 (2d Cir. 2025) (“January 13 Opinion”). Plaintiffs brought this action against Defendants Vimeo, Inc. and Connected Ventures, LLC (collectively, “Vimeo”) claiming that Vimeo is liable to PlaintiffsPage 4 for copyright infringement by reason of hosting on its website videos, posted by Vimeo users, playing copyright-protected music owned by Plaintiffs. We found in favor of Vimeo, on the basis of the safe harbor conferred on internet service providers by § 512(c) of the Digital Millenium Copyright Act (“DMCA”). See 17 U.S.C. § 512(c)(1). We ruled, in part, that Plaintiffs waived the argument under Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd. , 545 U.S. 913 (2005) (“ Grokster '), that Vimeo's encouragement of users to make infringing lip-dub videos may satisfy the statutory standard of 'right and ability to control' infringement, which can result in forfeiture of the safe harbor. 17 U.S.C. § 512(c)(1)(B). In support of their petition for reconsideration, Plaintiffs contend that the Grokster -based argument, which this court found to be waived, was in fact pressed throughout Plaintiffs’ opening brief. Plaintiffs also ask that we remove from the January 13 Opinion a footnote in which we discussed the question whether the Grokster -based argument, even if waived in our court, was adequately preserved for review by the Supreme Court.

The petition is granted in part and denied in part, for the reasons that follow. We reject Plaintiffs’ contention that they did not waive the Grokster -based argument. Their petition is denied in that regard. However, we grant the Page 5petition in so far as it seeks to remove the footnote discussing whether the Grokster -based argument is preserved for review by the Supreme Court.

We assume familiarity with the facts set forth in the January 13 Opinion, see Capitol Records , 125 F.4th at 413-17 , and begin with an overview of precedent and procedural history relevant to the petition.

“Section 512(c) of the [DMCA] establishes a safe harbor, which protects qualifying service providers from liability for infringement when users of the service upload infringing material onto the providers' websites.' Id. at 413 (citing 17 U.S.C. § 512(c)(1)). “However, the safe harbor is not available to a service provider if the service provider (A) has actual or red flag knowledge that the material on its website is infringing and fails to remove the infringing matter expeditiously, or (B) has the right and ability to control infringing material on its website and receives a financial benefit directly attributable to that activity.” Id. (citing 17 U.S.C. § 512(c)(1)).

In Viacom International, Inc. v. YouTube, Inc. , this court held that “the ‘right and ability to control' infringing activity under § 512(c)(1)(B) 'requires something more than the ability to remove or block access to materials posted Page 6on a service provider’s website.’” 676 F.3d 19, 38 (2d Cir. 2012) (quoting Capitol Recs., Inc. v. MP3tunes, LLC , 821 F. Supp. 2d 627, 645 (S.D.N.Y. 2011)). Recognizing the difficulty in defining that “something more,” id. , the Viacom opinion offered two possible constructions based on two cases in which a service provider 'exert[ed] substantial influence on the activities of users, without necessarily-or even frequently-acquiring knowledge of specific infringing activity.” Id. First, citing Perfect 10, Inc. v. Cybernet Ventures, Inc. , 213 F. Supp. 2d 1146 (C.D. Cal. 2002) (“ Cybernet ”), we suggested that the requisite “something more” might exist if a service provider imposed editorial standards over content, and instituted a strict monitoring program to enforce such standards, including by refusing access to non-compliant users. Viacom , 676 F.3d at 38. Second, citing Grokster , we noted that 'inducement of copyright infringement[,] . . . which premises liability on purposeful, culpable expression and conduct, might also rise to the level of control under § 512(c)(1)(B).” Id. (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).

In addressing Plaintiffs’ contention that they did not waive the Grokster -based argument, we focus first on the arguments advanced by Plaintiffs in the district court. In their motion for partial summary judgment demanding Page 7rejection of Vimeo’s defense based on the DMCA safe harbor and in opposition to Vimeo's motion for summary judgment, Plaintiffs argued, following the framework laid out in Viacom , that “[t]he right and ability to control infringement” under the DMCA “can be demonstrated in two different ways:” (1) the Cybernet path—by showing “a monitoring program that, for example, includes detailed instruction on issues of layout, appearance, and content,” or (2) the Grokster path-by showing 'inducement to infringe which premises liability on purposeful, culpable expression and conduct.' J. App'x at 164 (internal quotation marks omitted). In their district court briefing, Plaintiffs offered thirteen pages of argument analogizing Vimeo’s efforts to curate its website, enforce content restrictions, and monitor user content to the monitoring program in Cybernet , see id. at 165-77, and ten separate pages framing Vimeo’s efforts to, among other things, create, upload, and promote lip-dub videos, as inducement to infringe under Grokster , see id. at 177-86. Vimeo dedicated nearly five pages of its opposition brief to rebutting Plaintiffs’ Cybernet -based arguments, see Defendants’ Opposition To Plaintiffs’ Motion for Partial Summary Judgment And Reply In Further Support Of Defendants' Motion For Summary Judgment Pursuant To The DMCA Safe Harbor, ECF No.

Page 876, at 21-25, and nearly six pages to rebutting Plaintiffs' Grokster -based arguments, see id. at 25-30.

In ruling on the summary judgment motions, the district court adopted Plaintiffs’ proposed structure, “us[ing] the cases cited in . . . Viacom — Cybernet and Grokster -as analytical guideposts' because 'each supplies a distinct example of conduct” to establish a right and ability to control. Spec. App’x at 39. In particular, in a sub-section titled ' Cybernet -Substantial Influence Through a Monitoring Program,” id. , the district court, following approximately six pages of analysis, found no triable issue as to Vimeo's exertion of substantial influence on user activity through its monitoring program. See id. at 45. In the following sub-section titled “ Grokster —Substantial Influence through Inducement of Infringement,' id. , the district court, as detailed in approximately eight pages of analysis, found “no basis to conclude that Vimeo exerted substantial influence on its users' activities through inducement,” id. at 52. In this sub-section, the district court specifically rejected Plaintiffs’ Grokster -based argument regarding lip-dub videos. The court acknowledged the presence in the record of 'stray instances of wrongful conduct by Vimeo employees on the [w]ebsite and/or a generalized effort to Page 9promote videos that incorporate music,” but concluded that this evidence did “not rise to the level . . . adduced in Grokster ,” where “the record was replete with evidence that defendants clearly voiced the objective that recipients use [their product] to download copyrighted works.” Id. at 48 (internal quotation marks omitted).

In a separate order, the district court certified three questions for interlocutory appeal-none of which concerned right and ability to control under § 512(c)(1)(B):

(i) whether the safe harbor of § 512(c) applies to pre-1972 sound recordings; (ii) whether evidence of some viewing by Vimeo employees of videos that played all or virtually all of 'recognizable' copyrighted songs was sufficient to satisfy the standard of red flag knowledge, which would make Vimeo ineligible for the DMCA safe harbor; and (iii) whether Plaintiffs have shown that Vimeo had a general policy of willful blindness to infringement of sound recordings, which would justify imputing to Vimeo knowledge of the specific infringements.

Capitol Recs., LLC v. Vimeo, LLC , 826 F.3d 78, 82 (2d Cir. 2016) (“ Vimeo I ').

On the third certified question—willful blindness—Plaintiffs argued that Vimeo 'actively encouraged users to post videos containing infringing material,” and that a service provider “cannot adopt a general policy of urging or encouraging users to post infringing material and then escape liability by Page 10hiding behind a disingenuous claim of ignorance of the users’ infringements.” Id. at 99. In support, Plaintiffs specified a handful of instances where employees failed to comply with company policy by telling users not to worry about infringement, including one instance where a Vimeo employee responded to a user’s question that he “‘see[s] all the time at vime[o] videos, (for example Lipdub) music being used that is copyrig[ht]ed, is there any problem with this?’ by telling the user ‘[w]e allow it, however if the copyright holder sent us a legal takedown notice, we could have to comply.’” Id. at 85.

In responding to the certified questions, we rejected Plaintiffs’ argument, finding the evidence of the “sporadic instances . . . in which Vimeo employees inappropriately encouraged users to post videos that infringed music,” none of which related to the videos at issue in the lawsuit, did not support a finding of 'the sort of generalized encouragement of infringement supposed by [Plaintiffs'] legal theory' of willful blindness, and was thus 'insufficient to justify a finding of red flag knowledge.” Id. at 99 . We did not mention Grokster or use the word “induce” anywhere in our opinion resolving the interlocutory appeal.

On direct appeal, Plaintiffs did not address the Grokster inducement theory, other than in a footnote to the portion of their opening brief discussing right and ability to control under Cybernet . The footnote stated:

Providers can also exercise 'substantial influence' when they induce infringement, as occurred in Grokster . See Viacom , 676 F.3d at 38; UMG Recordings, Inc. v. Shelter Cap. Partners LLC , 718 F.3d 1006, 1030 (9th Cir. 2013). Grokster represents a different type of control that “premises liability on purposeful, culpable expression and conduct.” Viacom , 676 F.3d at 38 (quoting Grokster , 545 U.S. at 937). The rightsholders acknowledge that Vimeo I forecloses (at this stage) the argument that Vimeo's 'urging' and 'encouraging users to post infringing material” constituted inducement under Grokster . Vimeo I , 826 F.3d at 99. The rightsholders preserve this argument for further review.

Appellants’ Br. at 28 n.5 (“Footnote 5”).

In its opposition brief, Vimeo forcefully noted Plaintiffs’ abandonment of the Grokster inducement argument:

In granting summary judgment to Vimeo on this issue, the district court examined two decisions as “analytical guideposts”: Cybernet , 213 F. Supp. 2d 1146, and [ Grokster ], 545 U.S. 913 (2005). SPA 39. On appeal, Plaintiffs limit their challenge to the district court's Cybernet analysis.

Page 12Appellees’ Br. at 24 (citing Appellants’ Br. at 27-28 & n.5). Plaintiffs did not deny or contest Vimeo's assertion that Plaintiffs were 'limit[ing] their challenge to the district court’s Cybernet analysis.” Id.

In our January 13 Opinion, we affirmed the district court's grant of summary judgment in favor of Vimeo. In so doing, we noted a possible question whether Vimeo’s promotion of lip-dub videos encouraged infringement in a way that might be deemed an exercise of the right and ability to control under Grokster and thus a possible forfeiture of the safe harbor. While we recognized some “force in the argument that encouraging users to make infringing lip-dubs should trigger forfeiture of a safe harbor designed to protect service providers from liability for infringements for which they were in no way responsible,” we concluded on the basis of Footnote 5 of Plaintiffs’ opening brief that Plaintiffs had decided not to assert the argument. Capitol Records , 125 F.4th at 427. We expressed surprise at Plaintiffs' conclusion that our ruling in Vimeo I foreclosed the argument. We wrote,

We do not read our opinion in Vimeo I as foreclosing this potentially forceful argument. Our comments in Vimeo I to the effect that Plaintiffs' arguments were not supported by the evidence concerned a different issue: willful blindness to infringement, which we ruled could not be demonstrated by “a handful of sporadic instances . . . in which Vimeo employees

Page 13inappropriately encouraged users to post videos that infringed music.” Vimeo I , 826 F.3d at 99.

In Vimeo I , we rejected Plaintiffs' contention of Vimeo's willful blindness in substantial part because of the tiny scope of isolated instances of a different sort of encouragement to infringe: where employees deviated from company policy by telling users not to worry about infringement. Our opinion neither said nor implied that encouragements to infringe could not impact Vimeo's entitlement to the safe harbor under Section 512(c)(1)(B) . The discussion furthermore did not concern Vimeo’s policy to encourage lip-dubs. We can see no basis for Plaintiffs’ reading our Vimeo I opinion as 'foreclose[ing] . . . the argument that Vimeo's 'urging' and 'encouraging users to post infringing material' constituted inducement.”

Id. at 427-28.

In a footnote, we also questioned whether Plaintiffs could properly preserve the Grokster argument for review by the Supreme Court without having raised it before us, especially in the circumstance in which our court had not expressed views on the question. See id. at 427 n. 15 (“Footnote 15”).

Plaintiffs filed a timely petition for rehearing. Vimeo filed a response.

In their petition for reconsideration, Plaintiffs make two arguments. First, they contend that, contrary to our perception of waiver, they were in fact arguing the Grokster -based inducement theory of right and ability to control in Page 14their opening brief. Second, they argue that we should eliminate from our opinion our expression of doubt as to whether they had properly preserved that argument for review by the Supreme Court. We discuss each of these arguments in turn.

Plaintiffs insist that they did not waive the Grokster inducement theory of right and ability to control; far from waiving, they in fact “pressed [it] . . . throughout the text of their brief.” Petition at 1.

It is true that in the Fact Section of Plaintiffs' brief , they recite facts that would support the Grokster -based argument in question. However, nowhere in the Argument section of the brief do they make the Grokster -based argument, predicated on the facts recited, that inducement to infringe through the lip-dub program could satisfy the requirement of right and ability to control under the Grokster precedent. To the contrary, the brief in Footnote 5 expressly 'acknowledge[d] that Vimeo I forecloses (at this stage) the argument that Vimeo’s ‘urging’ and ‘encouraging users to post infringing material’ constituted inducement under Grokster .” Appellants’ Br. at 28 n.5. “It is a settled appellate rule that issues . . . unaccompanied by some effort at developed argumentation, are deemed forfeited.' Palin v. N.Y. Times Co. , 113 F.4th 245, 279Page 15 (2d Cir. 2024) (internal quotation marks omitted). 'This is true even if an appellant argued the same issues more fully before the district court that she left undeveloped on appeal.” Id.

Plaintiffs contend that they went on to argue those facts in the portion of the Argument section addressing right and ability to control under § 512(c)(1)(B), specifically, under the heading 'I. A Reasonable Factfinder Could Conclude That Vimeo Possessed The Right And Ability To Control Infringing Activity And Received A Benefit.” Appellants’ Br. at 27. But that portion of Plaintiffs’ brief made different arguments about right and ability to control—primarily the argument based on Cybernet , that is that the exertion of substantial influence by imposition of strict editorial controls over user postings and submissions can constitute right and ability to control.

Since Viacom and throughout the evolution of arguments in this case, it has been clear that the approach to demonstrating 'substantial influence' outlined in Cybernet , and the encouragement to infringe approach, based on Grokster , are two distinct ways to satisfy right and ability to control. Plaintiffs’ initial brief in this appeal vigorously argued the Cybernet -based theory that right and ability to control was achieved by imposition of editorial controls Page 16over user content. As for satisfying right and ability to control by encouragement of infringement, as approved by Grokster , Plaintiffs’ brief did not argue it because they “acknowledge[d]” that theory as “foreclose[d]” by our earlier ruling in Vimeo I . Id. at 28 n.5.

That Plaintiffs’ arguments relied only on the Cybernet theory, and not on the Grokster theory is also apparent from the topic-headings in the Argument section of the brief. These include:

A. A Provider Exerts “Substantial Influence” When It Makes Editorial Judgments About Users’ Uploads. 1. Step 1: Is There A Relationship Between The Provider’s Control And The Infringing Activity? 2. Step 2: Does The Provider Exercise Editorial Judgment Over Its Users’ Activity? 3. Cybernet And Subsequent Precedent Confirm These Steps. B. A Jury Could Find That Vimeo Exerted Significant Editorial Judgment Over Users’ Content. 1. Vimeo’s Control Exceeded The Provider’s Control In Cybernet . 2. The District Court Misapplied The Substantial Influence Standard And Improperly Drew Every Inference In Vimeo’s Favor. C. Vimeo Directly Benefited From Infringement. 1. “Direct Financial Benefit” Has Its Common-Law Meaning.

Appellants’ Br. at 28-52 (emphases added). Each of these headings, and the argumentation text that followed, made clear that the argument they made was the Cybernet -based argument of achieving right and ability to control by imposition of editorial controls. In no context did they rely on the Grokster -based theory of achieving right and ability to control by encouraging users to infringe. Other than in Footnote 5 (and a string-cite on an unrelated point, see id. at 29), the brief makes no mention of Grokster , or of the word “induce,” in the Argument section. As for the Grokster -based encouragement argument, we merely took Plaintiffs at their word-that they had concluded that the argument was foreclosed by our earlier ruling and therefore did not argue it.

We do not dispute that Plaintiffs relied on the inducement or encouragement of users to post infringing content, especially in encouraging the posting of lip-dubs, but their arguments were advanced solely as support for Plaintiffs' Cybernet -based argument on exertion of editorial control. The introductory sentence of the relevant section states, “Vimeo encouraged users to make specific types of content. Cf. Cybernet , 213 F. Supp. 2d at 1181-82.' Appellants’ Br. at 40. The cited parts of the opening brief do not, as Plaintiffs Page 18now contend, argue the separate Grokster -based theory. And if there were any doubt about which theory was being argued and which was not, Plaintiffs eliminated any possible doubt by explaining in Footnote 5 why they did not argue the Grokster -based inducement theory. In the footnote, Plaintiffs acknowledge that the Grokster theory represents “a different type of control” than control achieved under the Cybernet theory, which they were vigorously arguing. Id. at 28 n.5.

We conclude that, in Footnote 5, Plaintiffs expressly waived the Grokster -based argument that Vimeo had substantial influence over, or the right and ability to control, infringement. As noted above, Vimeo expressly flagged Plaintiffs’ waiver of the Grokster inducement argument in its opposition brief. See Appellee Br. at 24 (“On appeal, Plaintiffs limit their challenge to the district court’s Cybernet analysis.”) (citing Appellants’ Br. at 27-28 & n.5). Plaintiffs did not challenge this framing of their opening brief on reply.

Plaintiffs try to escape this conundrum by arguing that their waiver was not of the Grokster -based theory of forfeiture of the safe harbor, but rather of a claim under Grokster for induced infringement. We are not persuaded. As Vimeo points out, the distinction between a Grokster -based claim and Grokster - Page 19based forfeiture of the DMCA safe harbor appeared nowhere in Plaintiffs' opening brief. And, perhaps more importantly, it ignores that the issue on appeal was Vimeo's eligibility for the safe harbor-not liability for an infringement claim.

We reject Plaintiffs’ argument that we erred in finding that they waived (or forfeited) the Grokster -based argument that Vimeo’s inducement of users to lip-dub qualified as right and ability to control.

Plaintiffs ask us to remove language in Footnote 15 of the January 13 Opinion suggesting that their Grokster inducement theory of right and ability to control is barred from review by the Supreme Court. We agree to Plaintiffs’ proposed modification and amend the January 13 Opinion accordingly.

For the foregoing reasons, the petition is hereby GRANTED in part and DENIED in part. We hereby AMEND the January 13 Opinion to remove Footnote 15.