BEFORE: Henderson, Katsas, and Rao, Circuit Judges

Upon consideration of the emergency motion for a stay pending review, which includes an alternative request for expedition, the opposition thereto, the reply, and the Rule 28(j) letter; the motions for leave to participate as amicus curiae and the lodged amicus briefs submitted by Foundation for American Innovation, et al., the Former Service Secretaries and Retired Senior Military Officers, the American Civil Liberties Union Foundation, et al., ACT | The App Association, Catholic Moral Theologians and Ethicists, Former Senior National Security Government Officials, TechNet, et al., and Former Judges and Democracy Defenders Fund; the notices of intention to participate as amicus curiae, which the court construes as motions to participate as amicus curiae, the amicus brief submitted by Employees of OpenAI and Google in their personal capacities, and the amicus brief submitted by Professor Alan Z. Rozenshtein; and the amicus briefs submitted by Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression, et al., and the Freedom Economy Business Association, et al., which the court construes as including motions to participate as amicus curiae, it is

ORDERED that the motions to participate as amicus curiae be granted. The Clerk is directed to file the lodged amicus briefs. It is

FURTHER ORDERED that the motion for a stay be denied. For the reasons discussed in the attached per curiam statement, petitioner has not satisfied the stringent requirements for a stay pending court review. See Nken v. Holder, 556 U.S. 418, 434 (2009); D.C. Circuit Handbook of Practice and Internal Procedures 33 (2025). It is

FURTHER ORDERED that the request for expedition be granted. The following

Page 2The Clerk is directed to calendar this case for oral argument on May 19, 2026, at 9:30 a.m. It is

FURTHER ORDERED that, while not otherwise limited, the parties are directed to address in their briefs the following issues:

1. (1) whether we have jurisdiction over Anthropic’s petition under 41 U.S.C. § 1327, which provides for review of “covered procurement actions” taken under 41 U.S.C. § 4713;
2. (2) whether the government has, through the Determination or Notice or otherwise, directed or taken specific covered procurement actions against Anthropic;
3. (3) whether, and if so how, Anthropic is able to affect the functioning of its artificial-intelligence models before or after the models, or updates to them, are delivered to the Department.

The court reminds the parties that:

In cases involving direct review in this court of administrative actions, the brief of the appellant or petitioner must set forth the basis for the claim of standing. . . . The brief must include arguments and cite evidence establishing by a “substantial probability” the claim of standing.

See D.C. Cir. Rule 28(a)(7); Sierra Club v. EPA, 292 F.3d 895, 898 (D.C. Cir. 2002).

Page 3Petitioner should raise all issues and arguments in the opening brief. The court ordinarily will not consider issues and arguments raised for the first time in the reply brief.

To enhance the clarity of their briefs, the parties are urged to limit the use of abbreviations, including acronyms. While acronyms may be used for entities and statutes with widely recognized initials, briefs should not contain acronyms that are not widely known. See D.C. Circuit Handbook of Practice and Internal Procedures 43-44 (2025); Notice Regarding Use of Acronyms (D.C. Cir. Jan. 26, 2010).

Parties are strongly encouraged to hand deliver the paper copies of their briefs to the Clerk’s office on the date due. Filing by mail may delay the processing of the brief. Additionally, counsel are reminded that if filing by mail, they must use a class of mail that is at least as expeditious as first-class mail. See Fed. R. App. P. 25(a). All briefs and appendices must contain the date that the case is scheduled for oral argument at the top of the cover. See D.C. Cir. Rule 28(a)(8).

Per Curiam FOR THE COURT: Clifton B. Cislak, Clerk

BY: /s/ Michael C. McGrail Deputy Clerk Page 4Per Curiam : Anthropic PBC develops Claude, a family of advanced artificial-intelligence models. In 2024, the Department of Defense (which now calls itself the Department of War) began using Claude in connection with various military operations. But on March 3, 2026, Secretary of War Pete Hegseth determined that procuring AI goods or services from Anthropic presents a supply-chain risk to national security under 41 U.S.C. § 4713. The impetus for the determination was Anthropic’s refusal to contractually authorize the Department to use Claude for mass domestic surveillance or lethal autonomous warfare. As a result, the Department has canceled its contracts with Anthropic, begun to remove Claude from its systems, and prohibited its other contractors from using Anthropic as a subcontractor on work performed for the Department. The Department has not prohibited contractors from using Claude for work performed for entities other than the Department.

Anthropic seeks review of the Secretary’s determination under section 4713 to bar the company from providing goods or services to the Department. It claims that the determination was contrary to law, unconstitutional, and arbitrary. Anthropic seeks a stay pending review on the merits or, in the alternative, expedited consideration of the merits.

Four considerations govern whether Anthropic is entitled to the extraordinary remedy of a stay pending review: (1) whether it has made a 'strong showing' that it is likely to succeed on the merits; (2) whether it will suffer irreparable harm without a stay; (3) whether a stay will injure the Department; and (4) whether the public interest supports a stay. Nken v. Holder , 556 U.S. 418, 434 (2009) (cleaned up). Because the respondents are government agencies or officers, the third and fourth factors merge into a single inquiry. Id. at 435.

Page 5Anthropic’s petition raises novel and difficult questions, including what counts as a supply-chain risk under section 4713 and what qualifies as an urgent national-security interest justifying the use of truncated statutory procedures. In addition, we must consider whether Anthropic's petition targets a “covered procurement action” reviewable at this time under the governing judicial-review scheme, 41 U.S.C. § 1327(b). The parties vigorously contest many of these issues, and we have found no judicial precedent shedding much light on the questions presented. But we do not broach the merits at this time, for Anthropic has not shown that the balance of equities cuts in its favor.

We begin by acknowledging that Anthropic will likely suffer some degree of irreparable harm absent a stay. Anthropic casts its interests partly in constitutional terms, but those interests seem primarily financial in nature. Anthropic seeks a pre-deprivation hearing under the Fifth Amendment, yet such a hearing would be valuable to the company only as a means for preserving financially beneficial contracts. Anthropic also claims ongoing harms from retaliation for its constitutionally protected speech. But Anthropic does not show that its speech has been chilled during the pendency of this litigation, so these ongoing harms are also financial effects of the Department’s actions against the company.

The precise amount of Anthropic’s financial harm is not fully clear. Anthropic's CEO, Dario Amodei, has publicly stated that the “vast majority” of Anthropic’s customers will be “unaffected” by the designation, since it “plainly applies only to the use of Claude by customers as a direct part of contracts with the Department of War, not all use of Claude by customers who have such contracts.' Anthropic, Where Things Stand with the Department of War (Mar. 5, 2026), https://perma.cc/8ZQT-UVYH. And some record evidence Page 6suggests that Anthropic has financially benefited from its refusal to accede to the Department’s request for permission to deploy Claude for all lawful uses. Add. 240 (Amodei statement to employees that “the general public or the media … see us as the heroes (we're #2 in the App store now!)'); see also Scanlon, In Graphic Detail: How Anthropic's Pentagon Refusal Is Paying Off in Downloads, Brand Trust, and Enterprise Deals , Digiday (Mar. 9, 2026), https://perma.cc/2B54-855B ('The $200 million [Anthropic] walked away from by refusing the Pentagon’s demands may turn out to be the best marketing spend in Silicon Valley for years.'). Nonetheless, Anthropic has documented some potentially significant financial losses, particularly if other federal agencies follow the Department's lead in removing Claude from their own supply chains. Absent any mechanism for Anthropic to recover these losses if it should prevail on the merits, these financial harms qualify as irreparable. See In re NTE Conn., LLC , 26 F.4th 980, 990-91 (D.C. Cir. 2022).

There are weighty governmental and public interests on the other side of the ledger. Most obviously, granting a stay would force the United States military to prolong its dealings with an unwanted vendor of critical AI services in the middle of a significant ongoing military conflict. As the Department explains, Anthropic has now conclusively barred uses that the Department recently deemed essential. See Add. 223 (Hegseth memo to senior Department leadership, dated Jan. 9, 2026, stating that '[t]he Department must also utilize models free from usage policy constraints that may limit lawful military applications”). Moreover, the Department relies on Anthropic to provide regular updates to Claude, which contains built-in “safeguards” designed to prevent uses that Anthropic considers harmful. Add. 19, 25-26. Furthermore, Anthropic and the Department recently disagreed about uses of Claude for military operations that the Department claimed were Page 7permitted under the existing usage policy. Add. 198, 200. And the Department’s relationship with Anthropic has deteriorated to the extent that Anthropic’s CEO has publicly described the Department’s statements regarding the controversy as “completely false” and “just straight up lies.” Add. 238–39. Under these circumstances, requiring the Department to prolong its use of Anthropic’s AI technology, whether directly or through contractors, strikes us as a substantial judicial imposition on military operations. And, of course, we do not lightly override the Department’s judgments on matters involving national security. See , e.g. , Trump v. Hawaii , 585 U.S. 667, 704 (2018).

In our view, the equitable balance here cuts in favor of the government. On one side is a relatively contained risk of financial harm to a single private company. On the other side is judicial management of how, and through whom, the Department of War secures vital AI technology during an active military conflict. For that reason, we deny Anthropic’s motion for a stay pending review on the merits.¹ Nonetheless, because Anthropic raises substantial challenges to the determination and will likely suffer some irreparable harm during the pendency of this litigation, we agree with Anthropic that substantial expedition is warranted. A briefing schedule will issue forthwith.

It is so ordered.